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RN Zadoks E Scholz SM Rowe JM Norris HB Pooley J House 《Australian veterinary journal》2023,101(4):142-152
Numerous culture-based diagnostics are available on the Australian and international markets for on-farm detection of bacterial pathogens in milk. Use of such diagnostics may provide an opportunity to improve the prudent use of antimicrobials in udder health management. Farms are low-resource settings in terms of diagnostic microbiology capacity. The World Health Organisation has identified criteria for the evaluation of diagnostic tests in low resource settings based on Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, User-friendliness, being Rapid or Robust, Equipment-free and being Deliverable (ASSURED). Here, we review how those criteria can be interpreted in the context of microbiological diagnosis of mastitis pathogens, and how on-farm diagnostics that are currently available in Australia perform relative to ASSURED criteria. This evaluation identifies multiple trade-offs, both with regard to scientific criteria and with regards to convenience criteria. More importantly, the purpose of testing may differ between farms, and test performance should be evaluated relative to its intended use. The ability of on-farm mastitis diagnostics to inform mastitis treatment decision-making in a timely and cost-effective manner depends not just on test characteristics but also on farm-specific pathogen prevalence, and on the farm enterprise's priorities and the farm manager's potential courses of action. With most assay evaluations to date conducted in professional laboratories, there is a surprising dearth of information on how well any of the diagnostic tests perform on-farm and, indeed, of the on-farm decision-making processes that they aim to inform. 相似文献
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S Schäfer-Somi HB Beceriklisoy I Walter S Sabitzer D Klein H Kanca D Kaya AR Agaoglu H &#;zgür S Aslan 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(S2):103-108
The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and -II in uterine tissues from pregnant and non-pregnant bitches, taken at different time periods after mating. The pregnant bitches were ovariohysterectomized during the pre-implantation (group 1, n = 4), implantation (group 2, n = 7) and placentation stage (group 3, n = 7). Non-pregnant animals in diestrus served as controls (group 4, n = 7). The expression of MHC- I and -II in salpinx, apex, middle horn, corpus uteri and at implantation sites was investigated by immunohistochemistry as well as qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR; MHC-I mRNA was detected in all tissues and with quantitative RT-PCR, and no significant changes were detected until placentation. Immunohistologically, at the apex and corpus site, the average number of MHC-II positive cells increased from the pre-implantation to the post-implantation stage (apex: 1.54 ± 1.21 to 3.82 ± 2.93; corpus: 1.62 ± 1.9 to 5.04 ± 4.95; p < 0.05). The greatest numbers of MHC-II positive cells were observed at placentation sites (6.64 ± 5.9). In parallel, a marked increase in the relative mRNA expression of MHC-II in uterine tissues was assessed from the pre-implantation to the placentation stage (relative to Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphate-Dehydrogenase (GAPDH): 6.9 ± 9.5, 8.4 ± 5.8, p > 0.05). Immunohistologically, in the salpinx, significantly greater numbers of MHC-II positive cells were found in the tissues of pregnant animals than in the control group (p < 0.05). It is proposed that the increase in MHC-II is pregnancy-related, even though the impact on maintenance of canine pregnancy is still unclear. 相似文献
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Marcelo HAF Mendes Maria HB Pinto Eduardo J Gimeno Claudio G Barbeito Fabiano JF de Sant'Ana 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2019,54(10):1366-1374
The lectin histochemical pattern (LHP) was characterized and compared in normal and cystic ovaries of sows. Six biotinylated lectins (PNA, SBA, WGA, RCA‐1, DBA and UEA‐1) were used on tissue sections. In the normal ovaries, the reaction to UEA‐1 and SBA was mild to moderate in mesothelial and endothelial cells. RCA‐1 staining was mild to moderate in theca interna of growing follicles, corpora luteum and mesothelium. In addition, this lectin presented strong reaction in endothelial cells, granulosa cells of atretic follicles, zona pellucida of growing follicles and plasma. DBA showed strong intensity in mesothelial and endothelial cells. There was mild to moderate reactivity to WGA in granulosa cells, corpus luteum and theca interna of follicles in development, and moderate in zona pellucida, in granulosa cells of atretic follicles and mesothelium. PNA staining was mild to moderate in oocytes and in the adventitia and media of medullary arteries. Changes in the LHP of the cystic ovaries were noted; however, there were no differences in these findings between the follicular and luteinized cysts. UEA‐1 reactivity in the cystic ovaries was moderately reduced in the mesothelial and endothelial cells, whereas there was mild reduction in the DBA staining in the granulosa cells. Reaction to RCA‐1 and WGA in the cysts also was decreased in theca interna, zona pellucida and granulosa cells of atretic follicles. Furthermore, endothelium and theca interna in the cystic ovaries presented mild reduction of marcation to SBA, whereas there was decreased reactivity to PNA in the oocytes and adventitia and media layers of the medullary arteries. The results of the current study show that cysts modify the LHP in swine ovaries. These changes of glycoconjugates in many ovarian structures could modify diverse process and may be one of the reasons for decreased fertility in sows. 相似文献
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Keyyu JD Mahingika HM Magwisha HB Kassuku AA 《Tropical animal health and production》2002,34(2):115-120
A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of albendazole after it had been withdrawn from use due to the development of resistant strains of nematodes about ten years ago. The study also aimed to determine the present efficacy of levamisole, which had been recommended to replace albendazole. On one farm, the sheep and goats were divided into two groups, one group of each serving as the untreated control, while the other was treated with levamisole. The sheep on the other farm were divided into three groups, one serving as the untreated control group, the second being treated with levamisole and the third being treated with albendazole. Faecal samples were collected one day before treatment, and again 10 days after treatment. Anthelmintic efficacy was determined by the faecal egg count reduction test. Ten days after treatment, the sheep treated with levamisole on the first farm had a 98% reduction in faecal egg count, with a 95% confidence limit of 76%. The goats on the same farm had a 97% reduction in faecal egg count, with a 95% lower confidence limit of 81%. At the second farm, 10 days after treatment, sheep treated with levamisole had a 99.4% reduction in faecal egg count, with a 95% lower confidence limit of 88.9%, whereas the sheep treated with albendazole only had a 59.4% reduction in faecal egg count, with a 95% lower confidence limit of –19.6%. The study indicated that the gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep at the Department of Animal Science and Production farm were still resistant to albendazole about ten years after this anthelmintic had been withdrawn from use. A reduced efficacy of levamisole was suspected. 相似文献
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S Schäfer‐Somi S Sabitzer D Klein E Reinbacher H Kanca HB Beceriklisoy OA Aksoy I Kucukaslan HC Macun S Aslan 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2013,48(1):20-26
The aim of this study was to investigate the course of expression of platelet‐activating factor (PAF), PAF‐receptor (PAF‐R), epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF‐R, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF‐R1 and VEGF‐R2 in uterine tissue during canine pregnancy. For this purpose, 20 bitches were ovariohysterectomized at days 10–12 (n = 10), 18–25 (n = 5) and 28–45 (n = 5) days after mating, respectively. The pre‐implantation group was proven pregnant by embryo flushing of the uterus after the operation, the others by sonography. Five embryo negative, that is, non‐pregnant, bitches in diestrus (day 10–12) served as controls. Tissue samples from the uterus (placentation sites and horn width, respectively) were excised and snap‐frozen in liquid nitrogen after embedding in Tissue Tec®. Extraction of mRNA for RT‐PCR was performed with Tri‐Reagent. In the embryos, mRNA from all factors except VEGF was detected. In the course of pregnancy, significantly higher expression of PAF and PAFR as well as VEGF and VEGFR2 during the pre‐implantation stage than in all other stages and a strong upregulation of EGF during implantation were characteristic. The course of EGF was in diametrical opposition to the course of the receptor. These results point towards an increased demand for VEGF, EGF and PAF during the earliest stages of canine pregnancy. 相似文献
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HB Carslake 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(4):229-234
CASE HISTORY Three horses were presented with facial swelling and epiphora. CLINICAL FINDINGS: All horses had facial swellings and radiographic findings consistent with exostosis at the lacrimomaxillary suture, and ipsilateral epiphora. Positive contrast dacryocystorhinography demonstrated that the site of obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct was located where the duct traverses the lacrimomaxillary suture. DIAGNOSIS: Lacrimomaxillary suture exostosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lacrimomaxillary suture exostosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of epiphora in horses. Dacryocystorhinography, preferably retrograde and normograde, may be used as an aid to diagnosis. 相似文献
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DA Fisher RM Koerner JC Bourgeois G Zielinski C Wake CU Hammer HB Clausen N Gundestrup S Johnsen K Goto-Azuma T Hondoh E Blake M Gerasimoff 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5351):692-695
Ice cores from Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada, provide continuous Holocene records of oxygen isotopic composition (delta18O, proxy for temperature) and atmospheric impurities. A time scale was established with the use of altered seasonal variations, some volcanic horizons, and the age for the end of the Wisconsin ice age determined from the GRIP and GISP2 ice cores. There is pre-Holocene ice near the bed. The change in delta18O since the last glacial maximum (LGM) is at least 12.5 per mil, compared with an expected value of 7 per mil, suggesting that LGM ice originated at the much higher elevations of the then existing Foxe Dome and Foxe Ridge of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The LGM delta18O values suggest thick ice frozen to the bed of Hudson Bay. 相似文献
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SG Chethan SK Singh J Nongsiej HB Rakesh RP Singh N Kumar SK Agarwal 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2014,49(3):403-408
Interferon‐τ (IFN‐τ) has been recognized as the primary embryonic signal responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy. Uterine endometrium produces both prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGF2α is responsible for the luteolysis; however, PGE2 favours establishment of pregnancy by its luteoprotective action. In this study, the dose‐response effect of recombinant bovine IFN‐τ (rbIFN‐τ) on prostaglandin (PG) production by buffalo endometrial stromal cells cultured in vitro was studied. Buffalo endometrial stromal cells were isolated by double enzymatic digestion, initially with trypsin III followed by a cocktail of trypsin III, collagenase type II and DNase I and subsequently cultured till confluence. Further, cells were treated with different doses of rbIFN‐τ (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg/ml) and keeping a separate set of control. Culture supernatant was collected after 6, 12 and 24 h of treatment. PG levels in the culture supernatant were measured by enzyme immune assay (EIA) and total cellular protein estimated by Bradford method. Results indicated that buffalo endometrial stromal cells following rbIFN‐τ treatment enhanced the secretion of both PGE2 and PGF2α, and also its ratio in a strict dose‐dependent manner with a significant increase (p < 0.01) in PGE2 production at 1 μg/ml dose of rbIFN‐τ and maximal stimulation for both PG was observed at 10 μg/ml. Further, both PG production and its ratio were increased significantly (p < 0.01) in a time‐dependent fashion in all the groups at 6, 12 and 24 h post‐treatment with highest level achieved at 24 h as compared with control. Absolute levels of PGE2 remained higher than PGF2α indicating PGE2 as the major PG produced by endometrial stromal cells. The dose‐dependent response of rbIFN‐τ signifies the importance of optimum concentration of IFN‐τ for the embryonic development especially during the critical period to establish successful pregnancy. 相似文献
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