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1.
Landscape ecology as a theoretical basis for nature conservation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Conservation of representative biotopes, single species populations or biodiversity usually embraces two or more biotopes, and is often affected by surrounding croplands. The conclusions from landscape ecological studies can, therefore, offer important contributions to conservation, especially at early levels of landscape change or habitat fragmentation. Indicator and keystone species are useful for monitoring and managing fragmented biotopes, respectively. Communities as well as single species are affected by the juxtaposition of successional and climax biotopes, which influence climatic equability, seasonality, productivity and dispersal. Low levels of fragmentation may result in ill-functioning communities, and greater fragmentation may result in species losses and ultimately in the loss of whole communities. Fragmented habitats retain species with high reproductive and dispersal rates and generalized habitat selection. New combinations of interacting species will lead to trivialization of earlier habitat-specific interactions. Validation of these concepts was made with data from a Swedish research program on fragmented biotopes in production landscapes. General reserve selection and methods of management for preserving climax communities, single specialized species and high biodiversity are suggested. 相似文献
2.
The boreal forest is in transition. Large areas in remote regions are still in a pristine state, but extensive exploitation or intensive management for wood production dominates in Russia, Canada and the Nordic countries. The broadened view that forests are sources of other products than wood as well as of biodiversity is gradually becoming internationally accepted. To sustain the boreal forest for the future it must be realised that the forest has to be sustained as a system rather than as a number of utilities that can be considered separately. In northern Europe the situation is particularly striking with a strong contrast between the adjacent boreal forests in Scotland, Sweden and Finland on the one hand, and the north-west of Russia on the other. The two regions differ by history, type of land use and economic system but they are basically biologically similar. Combining sustainable wood production and maintenance of biodiversity and other values means setting limits to the intensity and extent of forest management. If the impact has been large, it is also necessary to build more natural features into managed systems. Developing a sustained boreal forest system by management of forests and forests reserves can be more efficient if research, education and management are well integrated. Scientists, teachers and managers must meet frequently and interact. In this way the time-lag between the advent of new knowledge and its implementation in the field can be reduced. We argue that co-operation among contrasting regions like the east and the west provides a unique opportunity for such integration. We review the problems and requirements in the west and the east, respectively, by contrasting Scotland, Sweden and the Komi Republic in Russia. The experiences are different and therefore complementary to each other. This assures long-term benefits of joint action. 相似文献
3.
Context
Achieving sustainable development as an inclusive societal process, and securing sustainability and resilience of human societies as well as the natural environment are wicked problems. Realising sustainable forest management (SFM) policy in local landscapes is one example.
ObjectivesUsing the European Union as a case study for the implementation of SFM policy across multiple governance levels in different contexts, we discuss the benefits of adopting an integrated landscape approach with place and space, partnership and sustainability as three pillars.
MethodsWe map the institutional frameworks for implementing SFM policy within all EU member states. Next, we analyse whether or not there is EU-level forest governance, and how power is distributed among EU, member state and operational levels.
ResultsMechanisms to steer a centralized forest governance approach towards SFM in the EU are marginal. Instead, there is a polycentric forest governance with 90 national and sub-national governments, which create and implement own and EU-wide SFM-related policies. Additionally, both among and within regional governance units there is a large variation in governance arrangements linked to land ownership at the operational level.
ConclusionsTo effectively translate EU-wide SFM and SFM-related policies into action in local landscapes, it is crucial to acknowledge that there are different land ownership structures, landscape histories and alternative value chains based on multiple ecosystem services. Therefore regionally adapted landscape approaches engaging multiple stakeholders and actors through evidence-based landscape governance and stewardship towards sustainable forest landscape management are needed. Model Forest, Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research platform and Biosphere Reserve are three of many examples.
相似文献4.
Landscape Ecology - The ecosystem services framework aims to encourage ecological sustainability through political-economic decisions. However, it fails to capture the complexity of... 相似文献
5.
In European forests, plants, fungi and invertebrates have been proposed as indicator species for assessing conservation value at the stand scale. To cover larger spatial scales, wide-ranging vertebrates could be added to that set of species. For resident forest birds, we (1) explored whether the occurrence of some species could be used to indicate high species richness and abundances, and (2) compared the results among four regions in the Baltic Sea drainage basin with a common species pool but different forest management intensities and varying proportions of deciduous and coniferous trees (south-central and southern Sweden, south-central Lithuania and northeastern Poland). Assemblages of deciduous forest birds in 100-ha landscape units were generally nested, suggesting that species richness within that group may be predicted based on the presence of a few species. Birds of coniferous forests, however, showed poorer conformity to nestedness in Sweden. Specialised species such as the middle spotted (Dendrocopos medius) and lesser spotted woodpeckers (D. minor) in deciduous forest and the three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) in coniferous forest generally figured among the best indicators. In deciduous forest, there was high cross-regional consistency in the identity of the best indicators. Moreover, the sites where the best indicator was present also harboured higher relative abundances of most background species. For coniferous forest, however, such a relationship was not found. We conclude that an indicator species approach may be useful for resident birds of deciduous forests in hemiboreal Europe, emphasising that it should constitute one of many complementary tools for conservation management. 相似文献
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7.
Deciduous forest and resident birds: the problem of fragmentation within a coniferous forest landscape 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Six species of resident birds were censused in patches of deciduous forest within a coniferous forest landscape in south central Sweden. Here, the forests have been subjected to active forestry for a long time, but with recently increased intensity. Although the forest cover is more or less continuous in this landscape, mature deciduous forest is now a rare element compared with the untouched forest.All censused patches were similar with regards to size, proportion and amount of deciduous trees, but were either isolated in the coniferous forest (isolated patches) or near to other deciduous patches (aggregated patches). We concentrated on six species of resident birds, with moderate area requirements, that are tied to deciduous forest and whose ecology is well-known. The Nuthatch and the Marsh tit, which both show strict year-round territoriality and have a restricted dispersal phase, were significantly more likely to be found in aggregated than in isolated patches. No effect was found for the Great tit and the Blue tit, which are less territorial outside the breeding season and have a longer dispersal phase. Moreover, the Great tit is less specialized on deciduous forest than the other species. Also, the Long-tailed tit was negatively affected by isolation, which may be due to restricted dispersal and to larger area requirements of this flock-territorial species. The Hazel grouse, finally, was not affected, but this larger bird probably uses the forest in a different way from the smaller species.Our study clearly shows that fragmentation of one type of forest (deciduous) within another can have serious detrimental effects on forest-living species and raises important issues for forest management practices and conservation within a forest landscape. 相似文献
8.
Threshold levels of habitat composition for the presence of the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus) in a boreal landscape 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
We assessed the habitat patch occupancy of a deciduous-mixed forest specialist, the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), in a 1000 km2 conifer dominated landscape in relation to two landscape parameters, namely proportion and isolation of suitable habitat. Data from five consecutive spring seasons were used and within habitat variation controlled for. The occurrence of long-tailed tits was positively related to the amount of habitat within 1 km2 (p=0.0007) and negatively related to the distance between habitat patches (p<0.0001). When combined, the two variables explained >78% of the variation in local patch occupancy. There were distinct thresholds in these landscape variables for the probability of local long-tailed tit presence. In the model the probability increased from 0.1 to 0.8 when interpatch distance decreased from 500 to 100 m with 5% total habitat coverage. With a total proportion of 15% suitable habitat, the same probability jump occurred when interpatch distance changed from 900 to 500 m. The general importance of defined measurements and quantified threshold levels for species conservation and landscape management is discussed. 相似文献
9.
Predicting species' responses to habitat loss is a significant challenge facing conservation biologists. We examined the response of both European three-toed woodpecker subspecies Picoides tridactylus tridactylus and P. tr. alpinus to different amounts of dead wood in a boreal and a sub-Alpine coniferous forest landscape in central Sweden and Switzerland, respectively. Habitat variables were measured by fieldwork in forests with breeding woodpeckers (n=10+12) and in control forests without breeding woodpeckers (n=10+12) in the same landscape. Logistic regression analyses revealed steep thresholds for the amount of dead standing trees and the probability of three-toed woodpecker presence in both Sweden and Switzerland. The probability of the presence of three-toed woodpeckers increased from 0.10 to 0.95 when snag basal area increased from 0.6 to 1.3 m2 ha−1 in Switzerland and from 0.3 to 0.5 m2 ha−1 in central Sweden. In Switzerland, a high road network density was negatively correlated to the presence of woodpeckers (r=−0.65, p=0.0007). The higher volumes of dead wood in Switzerland, where population trends are more positive, than in central Sweden, where the population is declining, would suggest that the volumes of dead wood in managed forests in Sweden are too low to sustain three-toed woodpeckers in the long-term. In terms of management implications, we suggest a quantitative target of at least 5% of standing trees in older forests being dead over at least 100 ha large forest areas. This corresponds about to ?1.3 m2 ha−1 (basal area) or ?15 m3 ha−1 (volume), still depending on site productivity. 相似文献
10.
Michael?G.?MantonEmail author Per?Angelstam Grzegorz?Mikusiński 《Landscape Ecology》2005,20(7):827-839
We explored the usefulness of three satellite land cover data sets available to land managers in south-central Sweden for
conservation planning using four deciduous forest focal resident bird species with different habitat requirements. Habitat
suitability models using empirical species-specific habitat parameters and a Geographic Information System were applied to
evaluate and compare the degree of consistency among three different land cover data sets. The study area encompassed 10,000 km2 in a landscape mosaic of managed boreal forests and is within the distribution range of all four focal species. Although
the three land cover data sets indicated similar total amounts of deciduous forest, the habitat suitability models showed
that different land cover data yielded inconsistent results regarding the amount and distribution of suitable habitat within
5×5 km grid cells. Given this sensitivity to the choice of land cover data sets, the habitat suitability models showed positive
relationships among the selected focal species for each land cover data set separately. As expected, decreasing amounts of
suitable habitat were identified for species with higher specialisation. Thus, because habitat suitability models are an appropriate
way to gain insight into the functionality and connectivity of habitat networks, land cover data must be carefully evaluated
and if necessary combined with other landscape information for effective conservation planning. 相似文献