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1.
对川西北红原县3个不同放牧强度(轻度放牧、中度放牧、重度放牧)的亚高山草甸土壤动物群落进行了调查研究,共获得土壤动物1 887个,分别隶属3门7纲15目49类群。不同放牧强度下土壤动物优势类群差异较大。受放牧干扰的亚高山土壤动物群落,其个体数量变化趋势是:重度放牧＞中度放牧＞轻度放牧。中度放牧生境的中小型土壤动物密度最大,大型土壤动物密度最低。3种生境中土壤动物的个体数和类群数均随土层加深而递减,其中中度放牧生境土壤动物表聚性最强。受放牧强度和放牧方式的干扰,中度放牧生境中土壤动物群落种类多样性、均匀性及丰富度均低于其他生境,而优势度高于其他生境。  相似文献   

2.
裴雯  陈清  张洛梓  贾丽英 《草地学报》2021,29(7):1499-1506
本研究以内蒙古草原为期十年的长期定位试验地为平台，分别在中度和过度放牧样地添加水分和氮素，研究放牧强度、水分和氮素三因子及其交互作用对土壤团聚体构成比例及稳定性的影响。结果表明：随放牧强度增加，土壤大团聚体含量减少，微团聚体含量增加，团聚体平均重量直径和几何平均直径显著减小，土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著下降；长期水分添加显著增加了过度放牧样地大团聚体含量和土壤有机碳含量，对中度放牧样地无显著影响；长期少量氮素添加显著降低过度放牧样地微团聚体含量，增加大团聚体比重，对中度放牧样地无显著影响。综上，过度放牧会降低土壤团聚体的稳定性；过度放牧样地土壤团聚体的组成对水分和氮素投入的响应比中度放牧样地更为明显。  相似文献   

3.
以青藏高原高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸为对象,研究不同放牧强度对草甸群落植物多样性、土壤化学性状及土壤有效态微量元素的影响,旨在为高山嵩草草甸生态系统保护和恢复提供科学依据。结果表明:随着放牧牦牛强度的增加,高山嵩草草甸群落的盖度、群落物种数、物种多样性、地上生物量均显著降低,重度放牧与对照间差异显著(P<0.05),而适度放牧与对照间差异不显著;放牧对土壤化学性状的影响主要表现为,随着放牧强度增加,0~30 cm土层中有机质、速效氮、全磷和速效磷含量减少,而适度放牧全氮含量与对照间差异不显著。适度放牧下10~20 cm土层中全磷和速效磷含量显著增加,与对照和重度放牧相比差异显著(P<0.05)。不同放牧强度下土壤有效态微量元素Fe,Mn,Cu和Zn的含量差异显著(P<0.05)。不同放牧强度对高山嵩草草甸的土壤有效态微量元素含量影响不同,从高到低依次为Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu。因此,适度放牧是保护高山嵩草草甸植物多样性、维护土壤养分以及提高草地生产力的有效途径。  相似文献   

4.
氮循环在草地生态系统的各种元素转化中发挥着重要作用。放牧是对青藏高原高寒草地最主要的利用方式之一，家畜可以通过采食、践踏和粪尿排放对氮循环产生一定的影响，进而影响草地生态系统的功能。本文利用Cite space软件，对CNKI和Web of science核心数据库收录的2001～2021年期间关于放牧对青藏高原高寒草地氮循环的影响方面的文献进行计量分析，结果表明：国内外在放牧对青藏高原高寒草地氮循环方面的研究呈不断上升趋势，英文文献的发文量较多，且多发表在具有影响力的高级期刊上。经关键词聚类和突现分析发现，适度的放牧能够保持较高的植物多样性，增加氮的矿化速率，且对轻度退化的草地具有一定的修复作用。过度放牧使土壤容重增加，土壤透气性减弱，反硝化速率降低，最终导致土壤总氮含量下降。在放牧制度方面，与连续放牧相比，划区轮牧或者季节性休牧下的草地，植物均匀度、土壤含水量、全氮、全磷等均有所增加。经关键词突现分析发现，该领域的研究正在发生由地上部分到地下部分、由宏观到微观研究的转变，预测在未来的几年放牧对高寒草地地下生态学的研究会成为一大热点。  相似文献   

5.
不同放牧强度对高寒草甸草场的影响   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
本文对不同放牧强度下高寒草甸草场的变化进行了观测,结果表明:过度放牧可引起地上生物量下降,禾草比例降低,莎草、杂类草比例升高,牧草干物质消化率降低;反之,适度或轻度放牧,可使地上生物量增加,禾本科牧草比例升高,莎草、杂类草比例下降,牧草干物质消化率相对升高。  相似文献   

6.
中小型土壤动物是地下生态系统重要的参与者,在地下生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中均扮演着重要角色。本研究通过对40篇文献进行Meta分析,探讨放牧对中小型土壤动物群落结构变化的影响,结果表明：(1)放牧会提高中小型土壤动物丰度,但会降低物种数和多样性指数。(2)放牧通过影响植物群落和土壤理化性质,进而间接影响中小型土壤动物的群落结构。(3)相关性分析表明,在围封处理下,中小型土壤动物丰度与土壤含水量、速效钾呈正相关;在放牧处理下,中小型土壤动物丰度与土壤含水量、速效钾、全磷呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。(4)结构方程模型结果显示,在围封处理下,土壤全氮对中小型土壤动物丰度产生显著正效应(标准化回归系数β=0.19,P<0.05)。综上所述,中小型土壤动物作为地下生态系统的重要参与者,其对放牧的响应方式,有利于为各地区制定更合理且科学的放牧方式。  相似文献   

7.
为探明短花针茅荒漠草原土壤线虫群落分布特征及不同放牧强度对土壤线虫群落的影响,该研究对短花针茅荒漠草原4个不同放牧强度草地的线虫群落进行了系统调查。结果表明：试验区共捕获18属7 200条/100 g干土线虫。拟丽突属、丽突属2个属分别占个体总数的22.78%、41.90%,为该地区的优势类群。多样性分析表明：线虫群落个体数、物种丰富度均为轻度放牧草地大于其余放牧强度草地;群落多样性指数为对照样地>轻度放牧草地>重度放牧草地>中度放牧草地;群落均匀度指数为重度放牧草地>对照样地>（轻度放牧草地=中度放牧草地）。生态指数分析表明：成熟度指数为轻度放牧草地>对照样地>中度放牧草地>重度放牧草地,可见轻度放牧草地和对照样地土壤较稳定,而重度放牧草地土壤受外界活动扰动程度最大;通道指数为中度放牧草地>重度放牧草地>轻度放牧草地>对照样地。此外,通过对不同放牧强度草地植物群落多样性、生物量、盖度、平均高度、枯落物干重、土壤含水量、酸碱度、土壤有机质等环境因子与土壤线虫群落特征指数进行多元逐步回归分析,阐明了放牧条件下影响土壤线虫群落的关键生态变量。研究结果可为确定有益于荒漠草原线虫群落生物多样性维护的放牧强度提供参考。  相似文献   

8.
为了探究半干旱草原区河谷湿地土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征对放牧干扰的响应,明确限制其土壤养分循环的关键因子,以内蒙古典型草原区的锡林河河谷湿地为研究对象,在轻度、中度、重度3种放牧情境下开展野外观测试验,测定0～50 cm土层的土壤基本理化性质、碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）湿地0～40 cm土壤的理化性质对放牧干扰响应较为敏感,适当放牧可以促进土壤养分积累,但重度放牧导致土壤碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量比显著降低。（2）放牧活动通过影响植被生长及土壤理化性质对养分循环产生影响,在轻度和中度放牧条件下土壤磷元素可能是限制湿地土壤养分元素循环的关键因子,而在重度放牧条件下磷元素的限制作用减小,氮元素的限制作用增加。（3）过度放牧可能会破坏土壤原有的养分循环和物质平衡,随放牧强度的增加,湿地土壤生态化学计量特征与土壤理化性质间的相互作用总体呈减弱趋势,而土壤容重可能是影响其生态化学计量特征的关键环境因子。  相似文献   

9.
本试验以呼伦贝尔草甸草原中禾本科、杂类草和灌木这3种功能型植物为研究对象,开展放牧强度对不同功能型植物碳、氮、磷含量,化学计量特征以及贮量的影响研究.结果表明:禾本科有机碳含量在各放牧强度下均最高;氮磷含量杂类草最高;3种功能群的有机碳含量均在适度放牧时最高,过度放牧时降低;轻度放牧使得禾本科、灌木的碳氮比、碳磷比升高...  相似文献   

10.
张成霞  南志标 《草业科学》2010,27(11):131-136
对陇东黄土高原天然草地的4个放牧处理(0、2.7、5.3和8.7只羊/hm2)生境下的土壤微生物三大类群时空动态特征进行了研究。结果表明,同一放牧强度下不同土层(0～10、10～20、20～30 cm),随着土层深度的增加土壤微生物三大类群呈减少趋势;在不同放牧强度下同一土层土壤微生物三大类群的数量不同,未放牧、轻度放牧条件下微生物种群数量较高,而过度放牧的天然草地土壤微生物数量最高;不同放牧条件下,土壤微生物三大类群表现出基本一致的变化趋势,真菌、细菌最高值出现在9月,放线菌最高峰出现在11月。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

16.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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