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1.
中国草地外来入侵植物现状研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
草地是中国陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,外来入侵植物已对我国草地造成了严重的生态危害和经济损失。了解草地外来植物的种类组成和入侵现状,是加强草地入侵植物管控,开展有效防控措施的基础。本文基于文献报道和数据库资料,系统分析了我国草地外来入侵植物的种类组成、起源、生活型、入侵途径和分布区域。结果表明,我国草地生境现有外来入侵植物183种,隶属41科123属。其中,菊科植物最多,有47种;禾本科和豆科分别有30种、21种。入侵植物来源于美洲的物种最多,共占总数的56.2%;其次是欧洲和亚洲,分别占比23.14%,13.22%。生活型以一年生和多年生草本植物为主;有意引进是最主要的引入途径。我国草地外来入侵植物种类繁多且分布范围广,急需对其开展进一步的调查,全面监测追踪入侵种群动态,积极控制已产生严重危害的植物种类,实行预防在先、防治结合的原则。本文旨在为我国草地外来入侵植物防控工作提供可靠的理论参考。 相似文献
2.
基于相关资料的整理和专家咨询,运用样带调查法对华北农牧交错带的外来植物入侵状况进行了调查。结果表明:华北农牧交错带现有外来入侵植物19种,隶属于11科18属,其中禾本科和菊科两大科的外来植物种类最多,分别占21.05%和15.79%。在生活型方面,一、二年生的外来入侵植物种类最多,占总数的84.21%;在起源地方面,原产地为美洲的外来入侵植物种类占到入侵植物总数的52.63%;在引入途径方面,人为有意引入占63.16%。通过分析外来入侵植物与生境之间的关系表明:相比较沙地和天然草地,道路两旁、撂荒地、庭院村旁、农田以及农田草地边界等人为干扰强烈的地方所受到外来植物的危害相对更为严重。因此,针对不同的入侵生境类型采取相应的防护措施对于农牧交错带的生态保护和生态恢复具有重要意义。 相似文献
3.
外来植物对草地生态系统的入侵会导致草地生物多样性降低、植被生产力下降、生态环境日趋恶化等严重后果,要想有效防治草地入侵植物,深入了解其生理生态特性十分关键。根据国内外利用刈割这一常规管理方法控制草地入侵植物的现状,对草地入侵植物响应枝叶去除处理的模式与机理相关研究展开综述,并得出以下主要结论:(1)草地入侵植物倾向于利用补偿性光合作用模式保证和提高其光合作用能力;(2)通过快速的茎叶再生机制来补偿光合器官和地上生物量的损失;(3)改变土壤微生物群落结构使其更有利于入侵植物的生长;(4)入侵植物利用高效和多样化的资源分配策略促进再生;(5)入侵植物将更多能量优先分配到繁殖器官以维持种群稳定;(6)草地入侵植物在不同发育阶段对枝叶去除的耐受性差异较大。并且,本研究对刈割控制草地入侵植物的优势与不足进行了简要分析,并提出了三点防治草地入侵植物的具体建议。此外,建议在今后的相关研究中,研究者应重点考虑草地入侵植物响应枝叶去除的分子机理,以及放牧草地入侵植物对全球变化的响应机制,以巩固与拓展科学高效防治草地入侵植物的理论基础。 相似文献
4.
金佛山自然保护区外来入侵植物种及其分布情况 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
生物入侵对全球的生物多样性造成了严重威胁。自然保护区是保护生物多样性的重要基地,因此,自然保护区的生物入侵现状如何备受关注。本研究以金佛山国家一级自然保护区为研究区域,采用样方法和野外踏勘法对金佛山自然保护区的外来植物进行了调查,初步调查结果如下:1)在金佛山共发现56种外来植物种,主要是草本类植物,且多呈零星分布,绝大部分外来植物与本地植物一样仅仅作为一种可利用资源出现,而且没有出现明显的相互竞争,但五节芒具有突出的入侵分布特征;2)56种外来植物中有31种是有意引进的,占入侵种总数的55%;15种是自然入侵的,占27%;有9种是入侵来源不明的,占16%;1种是伴随其他物种无意引进的,占2%。而目前危害面积最大的五节芒就是入侵通道不明的外来植物种;3)调查的样方中外来植物的出现频度与干扰程度相关,干扰越严重的,出现外来植物种的几率越大,踏勘也呈现了同样的规律。 相似文献
5.
外来植物的引入或入侵,对我国农林牧业已经产生了惊人的直接经济损失,它们引起生态系统紊乱、生物多样性的丧失而造成的间接经济损失更是无法估计。外来植物入侵已成为生物多样性保护和生态系统恢复研究的热点问题,对外来种的入侵理论,即入侵生态学的研究也正在兴起。通过从外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花的生物学特性、对环境条件的适应性、对植物多样性的危害、药用价值及防治方法等方面进行了综述。 相似文献
6.
通过对外来入侵植物的概念、特点、入侵途径等内容的评述,结合风景名胜区中外来入侵植物在防治中存在的问题,提出了风景名胜区预防和控制植物入侵的管理对策,认为预防和控制植物入侵是风景名胜区保护中的一项重要任务。 相似文献
7.
随着全球经济一体化进程的不断深入,生物入侵严重威胁生态环境、公众健康及区域经济发展.本文在多年实践基础上,对国内外文献进行收集、汇总和对比分析,以明确内蒙古自治区外来植物入侵现状、发生的特点和趋势,以及对畜牧业生产和生态安全的影响等,并提出相应的防治对策,以期为内蒙古自治区外来植物入侵的防控提供理论依据.结果表明,目前,内蒙古自治区外来入侵植物已达45种,其中分属16个科36个属.入侵植物以一、二年生草本为主,占总入侵植物的79.5％,入侵来源以国内其他省区传入和国外直接传入两种途径实现;入侵植物有19种原产自美洲,占入侵植物总数的42.2％,欧洲次之,为18种.虽然内蒙古自治区外来植物入侵防控取得了一定成效,但是整体上存在重视程度不足、相关法制法规不健全、监管脱节、投入不足,评估与预警机制不健全、相关研究滞后等问题.因此,应加大资金投入,提高防范意识,建立入侵植物风险评估、早期预警监测体系,提升科研能力和监测技术水平,构建信息平台,加强对外交流,从而保障内蒙古自治区的生态安全,确保人民生命和财产安全,维护社会和谐稳定发展. 相似文献
8.
辽宁省外来入侵有害生物特征初步分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过2006-2008年野外实地调查和文献资料分析,对辽宁省外来有害生物进行总结。结果表明,目前对辽宁省造成危害的外来物种共计116种,分别为外来植物89种、外来害虫17种和外来病原微生物10种,其中危害性较强的主要有14种。这些外来物种的传播和扩散速度较快,传播途径多以无意引入为主,对辽宁省的经济和生态环境危害严重。外来物种入侵地多为生态系统结构单一的农田草场或人工林系统;入侵地多为辽宁省气候温暖湿润的南部,且生物多样性比较丰富的地区。 相似文献
9.
10.
利用年限对老芒麦生物学特性及群落结构特征的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
老芒麦生物学特性及群落结构特征随着利用年限的增加而发生明显的变化。结果表明,入侵植物种数随着利用年限的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势。老芒麦在草地群落中相对生物量、相对多度和相对盖度随着利用年限增加而明显下降,而入侵植物相对生物量、相对多度和相对盖度则明显增加。老芒麦的重要值随着利用年限的增加而急剧降低,老芒麦在利用的第2、3年占绝对优势,在第5、6年入侵植物占重要地位,到第9年才逐渐沦为次重要地位。老芒麦的草地物种多样性指数和均匀性指数随着利用年限的增加而逐渐增加,而生态优势度则逐渐降低。 相似文献
11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
13.
Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
14.
Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
15.
B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
16.
Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
17.
Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
18.
Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
20.
Bazin H 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2003,26(5-6):293-308
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing. 相似文献