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一、80年代饲料添加剂销售情况1980年世界饲料添加剂销售额为53亿美元,到1989年估计已上升为91.18亿美元(表1)。在总销售额中美国占33%,西欧占29%,其它占38%。各类饲料添加剂在总销售额中所占比例居于前4位的依次是矿物质、生物制剂、氨基酸和抗菌素。这4类在总销售额中均占10%以上。在药物性添加剂总销售额中,属于预防性经常添加的约占30%,属于治疗性的约占70%。可以看出,美国和西欧比较注重营养性添加物,其它则比较注重药物性添加物,无论是预防性的药物还是治疗性的药物都是这样。进一步分析还可看出美国非蛋白氮和益生素显著用得多;而其它油脂与维生素则明显用得少。 相似文献
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世界宠物食品企业排名及全球宠物食品市场现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1世界排名前40名宠物食品企业垄断是世界宠物食品生产的特点之一。根据“欧洲透视”(全球消费市场调查研究权威机构)的调查,2003年,世界排名前5位的宠物食品生产企业其市场份额占全球的65.1%,同比增加0.4%;销售额占全球的65.3%,同比增加0.42%。2003年全球宠物食品销售额为35亿美元,同比增加10.78%(表1)。表1世界排名前40名宠物食品企业的市场份额和销售额公司市场占有率/%零售额/百万美元玛氏雀巢宝洁高露洁D el M onte Foods C o.N utro Products Inc.A grolim en SAM eow M ix C O.U ni-Charm C orp.N isshin Flour M illing C o… 相似文献
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根据哥伦比亚出口、旅游和投资促进局(Procolombia)的数据,2020年1—11月,哥伦比亚香蕉出口量下降了2.6%。其中,对波兰的出口增长了882%(总计2600万美元),对法国的出口增长了269%(1800万美元),对俄罗斯的出口增长了50%(1000万美元)。同时,对比利时、意大利、德国、荷兰和英国的销售额分别下降了20%(1.49亿美元),2.9%(1.09亿美元)、35%(5400万美元)、12%(5100万美元)和15%(1.16亿美元),这5个国家占哥伦比亚香蕉出口总额的50%以上。 相似文献
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辉瑞完成了对法玛西亚的并购2003年4月16辉瑞完成了它对法玛西亚的股票并购,因此诞生了一个以研究为基础的最大的药业公司,合并后2002年的销售额达464亿美元。以2002年的销售额为基础,这个新的动物保健公司将增加3.5%的合作销售额,总营业额达16.250亿美元,其在全球的动物保健市场的排名跃居第一,市场份额达14.3%。* 除去其营养性添加剂和/或环保型保健品**除去其2003年因获得许可/竞争优先权而得的利益;销售额估计在亿美元。由于此次并购,辉瑞有权在其动物保健品业务内对一小部分产品进行处置。其中最引人注意的是将三种治疗乳房炎的产品的… 相似文献
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2002年全球的动物保健品行业增长2.5% 根据Wood Mackenzie的分析,2002年全球的动物保健品行业销售额达113.3亿美元,只增长了所谓的2.5%,但除去通货膨胀等商贸方面的因素,外贸交易实际下降了0.5%。这表明,经过前一年0.2%实际提高后,又下降了0.5%。 下表是列于前12位的公司2002年和2001年的销售额 公司 梅里亚1450114503.8%3.8%150511505 辉瑞1021210219.6%9.6%111921119 英特威10963981-1.4%3.9%108131019 拜耳8585768-0.9%4.3%8504802 礼来68676861.0%1.0%6935693 先灵葆雅6946694-2.4%-2.4%6776677 富道7764776-15.8%-15.8%… 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献