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1.
苏雪  高婷  侯云云  吴琼  孙坤 《草业科学》2016,33(10):2025-2032
紫花地丁(Viola philippica)具有开放花(CH)和闭锁花(CL)形成的二型性种子。在对紫花地丁CH种子和CL种子形态观测的基础上,比较了这两种类型种子在不同温度、光照以及贮藏时间下的萌发特性。结果表明,1)CH种子长、宽以及千粒重显著大于CL种子(P0.05)。2)CH种子和CL种子最适萌发温度均为20℃,萌发率均在95%以上,在10℃条件下均不萌发,但在高温(30℃)条件下CL种子的萌发率显著高于CH种子(P0.05),其它温度下,两者萌发率均无显著差异(P0.05)。3)CH种子对光照条件敏感,黑暗条件对其萌发具有极显著的抑制作用(P0.01),而CL种子在12h光照和全黑暗条件下萌发差异不显著(P0.05)。4)CH种子贮藏210d后,萌发率显著降低(P0.05),而CL种子则在贮藏510d后萌发率才显著下降(P0.05)。CH种子于春季成熟后即可迅速萌发,CL种子一部分于之后的季节萌发,另一部分成为短暂土壤种子库于次年春季萌发。紫花地丁通过二型性种子更好地适应时空异质性环境,提高了其适合度。  相似文献   

2.
为明确热带常见杂草飞扬草(Euphorbia hirta)的种子萌发特性,本研究运用培养皿滤纸法和盆栽法,分别研究温度、光照和水分条件对飞扬草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,飞扬草种子在20~40℃范围内均可萌发,其中30℃为种子萌发的最适温度(萌发率和萌发指数均最大),25℃时幼苗生长最好(根长/苗长为1.031)。恒温条件(25℃)下,光照8~24h时的种子萌发率无显著差异(平均值94.07%)、光/暗0h/24h时萌发率降至52%(P0.05),萌发指数随光照时间缩短先增大后降低,光/暗16h/8h时最大(93.93),0h/24h最低(30.59);有光照时幼苗的根长均显著大于苗长,无光照时苗长显著大于根长(P0.05)。变温条件(光/暗,35℃/25℃)下,光照时长对飞扬草种子萌发率和幼苗苗长无显著影响(P0.05),随光照时长缩短萌发指数和幼苗根长均显著减低(P0.05)。综合各指标,12~16h光照为飞扬草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳光照条件。25℃、光/暗12h/12h条件下,飞扬草在土壤最大持水量60%时的种子出苗率达39%、幼苗根长苗长比为1.10∶1。  相似文献   

3.
不同处理对北方嵩草种子萌发的影响   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
用3种不同质量浓度的化学试剂（NaOH、GA和CaCl2）分别处理北方嵩草Kobresia bellardii种子,将其置于5、10、15、20和25 ℃恒温条件下进行光照培养。结果表明,温度和3种化学试剂及化学试剂的不同质量浓度显著影响种子的萌发率、萌发指数及幼苗高度（P<0.001）,且温度对种子的萌发影响更大。北方嵩草种子在1025 ℃条件下萌发,适当质量浓度的3种化学试剂对种子的萌发均有一定的促进作用。在低温下,较高质量浓度的化学试剂处理的种子其萌发率和萌发指数较高;而在较高温度下,较低质量浓度的化学试剂处理的种子其萌发率和萌发指数较高。在20和25 ℃,对照组及用3种化学试剂处理的种子其萌发率和萌发指数较高,幼苗生长较快。其中在25 ℃,用5 g/L CaCl2处理种子其萌发率最高,可达84%;在20 ℃,用20 g/L NaOH处理种子其萌发速率最快,萌发指数最高, 为5.26。  相似文献   

4.
贮藏条件和温度对4种蒺藜科植物种子萌发的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
王桔红  张勇 《草业科学》2009,26(6):110-115
对河西走廊泡果白刺Nitraria sphaerocarpa、唐古特白刺N. tangutorum、骆驼蒿Peganum nigellastrum和驼蹄瓣Zygophyllum fabago 4种蒺藜科植物的种子经过冬季土壤埋藏和室温贮藏各80 d后,在5种温度（10 ℃、15 ℃、20 ℃、25 ℃、5 ℃/ 25 ℃）条件下进行了萌发测试。结果表明,唐古特白刺、骆驼蒿和驼蹄瓣的种子萌发主要受温度的影响,萌发率随温度升高而增大;唐古特白刺种子经过冬季埋藏后,培养在15 ℃和20 ℃条件下达到最大萌发率（40%50%）,而经室温贮藏后培养在25 ℃下有最高萌发率（40%50%）;骆驼蒿和驼蹄瓣种子经过冬季埋藏后,培养在5 ℃/25 ℃下达到最高萌发率（80%;90%100%）,经室温贮藏后,同样培养在5 ℃/25 ℃下也达到最高萌发率（60%70%;60%）;在10 ℃条件下,3 种植物种子的萌发率不足10%。泡果白刺的种子萌发主要受贮藏方式的影响,埋藏后种子萌发率显著大于室温贮藏的种子,埋藏后的种子培养在20 ℃或25 ℃下达到最高萌发率（60%70%）。  相似文献   

5.
温度对垂穗披碱草种子萌发的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在恒温、变温和光照3种处理因素6个梯度水平的条件下,对取自4个不同海拔高度垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）种子的适宜发芽条件进行了研究。结果表明,垂穗披碱草的适宜发芽温度范围为15~25 ℃;变温可显著提高种子发芽率和发芽整齐度,最佳变温组合为20 ℃/10 ℃,发芽率和发芽势分别较20 ℃恒温条件提高20.2%;垂穗披碱草种子萌发对光照条件反应不敏感;在低温条件下,低海拔种子的总体发芽能力要优于高海拔种子,而在高温条件下则表现为高海拔优于低海拔的态势,但在中等温度条件下,各海拔高度的种子间无显著差异。  相似文献   

6.
二色胡枝子种子萌发特性的研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
本文对二色胡枝子种子萌发条件及硬实问题进行了研究。萌发试验温度设恒温和变温共9个水平；光照设立光（光照时间分为：8h、24h)暗共三个水平；发芽床设立纸上，纸间、砂间和土中4个处理，试验结果表明，黑色种皮种子的硬实率（最低硬实率为53.3%)高于灰色种皮种子（最低硬实率为24.0%)；灰色种子以20℃恒温，光照，纸上或纸间条件下发芽为最佳。黑色种子以25℃恒温，纸上条件下发芽为最佳。二色胡枝子种子萌发率低的主要原因是种子硬实率高和不适宜的萌发条件。  相似文献   

7.
本研究探索了西藏巴青县野生垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)种群繁殖扩散机理,为其开发利用提供必要的理论基础。试验在不同光、温、水(PEG6000)、盐处理条件下研究了垂穗披碱草种子萌发特性。结果表明:光照对垂穗披碱草种子萌发无显著影响;恒温25℃和变温20/30℃条件下垂穗披碱草种子萌发速度较快、发芽率较高,而5℃和35℃条件下种子不萌发;在PEG浓度为5%时垂穗披碱草种子发芽率略高于对照(CK),但其发芽指数和活力指数都显著低于对照(CK);在Na Cl溶液浓度为0%~0.4%范围内,种子均能正常萌发,且轻度盐胁迫(0.2%)对垂穗披碱草种子萌发有促进作用。上述结果说明,低温是限制西藏巴青地区野生垂穗披碱草种子成功萌发的关键因子。  相似文献   

8.
为探讨湘杂芒3号种子的萌发特性,在不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃)、不同光照时间(明/暗时间:0h/24h、6h/18h、12h/12h、18h/6h、24h/0h)、不同水分含量(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%)和不同播种深度(0mm、3mm、5mm、10mm、15mm、20mm)条件下对种子萌发率、萌发指数、活力指数、幼苗高和胚根长等相关指标进行了测定,结果表明:湘杂芒3号最适萌发温度为25℃,最适光照时间为0h/24h(明/暗),即无光照;最适萌发水分含量为10%;播种深度对湘杂芒3号种子出苗及幼苗生长影响显著,种子宜浅播。  相似文献   

9.
针对羊草种子萌发率低的问题,对43份不同种质的羊草种子,在两种变温条件下的萌发率进行了研究,并对恒温、变温、变温时长、变温时段对羊草种子萌发率的影响进行了测试。结果表明,羊草种子萌发率受种质影响较大,不同种质的羊草种子萌发率变幅为10%~95%,差异极显著。此外,羊草种子萌发亦受温度调控,恒温条件下(16、20、22、28、37 ℃)种子萌发率均较低,变温28 ℃(12 h)/16 ℃(12 h)则显著提高了种子萌发率,增幅为50%~90%。且变温处理对种子萌发有“时间剂量累加效应”,即变温处理时间越长,萌发率提高越大。在第1、2天时变温处理的种子萌发率与恒温对照相比,达到极显著差异,且在24 h内接收低温信号的剂量时长在2~16 h,高于16 h萌发率不随时间增加,低于2 h萌发率提高不显著。此外还发现,萌发24 h之内,羊草种子对变温处理有一个敏感的“窗口期”,即8~12 h,在这个时段内变温处理对种子萌发率提高最为显著。  相似文献   

10.
长芒草种子适宜萌发条件   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研究了不同光照、温度以及二者之间的互作对长芒草（Stipa bungeana）种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,1）长芒草种子在10~30 ℃温度范围内均能萌发,萌发最适温度为20 ℃,在光照与黑暗条件下的萌发率分别为72%与88%;2）光照显著抑制长芒草种子的萌发,且相比适宜温度条件下,光照对亚适宜温度下种子的萌发具有更强的抑制作用。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

15.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

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