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二、脂类鱼类饲料中脂肪有两种需要量,第一种需要量作为代谢能来源(腺苷三磷酸);第二种需要量作为维持磷脂形成的细胞结构和成分。亚麻酸(十八碳三烯酸)已经证实,它是虹鳟的必需脂肪酸,倘若饲料中缺少了必需脂肪酸后,导致鱼体生长停止、尾鳍糜烂和休克等症状。但对鲤鱼研究甚少,用一种游离脂类饲料对2.5克镜鲤进行试验,试验结果,未出现缺乏必需脂肪酸症状的任何信号。对0.65克镜鲤做试验,保持投喂四个月 相似文献
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海水仔稚鱼对脂类的需求 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
脂类是海水仔稚鱼的必需营养要素，ｎ－３高度不饱和脂肪酸是海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸，能直接影响海水仔稚鱼的生长和存活，其中又以ＤＨＡ和ＥＰＡ尤为重要。在仔稚鱼饵料中添加磷脂，也可提高仔稚鱼的生长和存活率。 相似文献
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亲鱼的脂类营养与繁殖性能研究进展 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
多数鱼类在性腺发育前积累的大量脂类,除了为生殖洄游等活动提供代谢能外,还是雌性生殖细胞发育过程中必需储存的重要能源和结构物质,其中必需脂肪酸（EFA）是磷脂和固醇类（生物膜主要结构成分）生物合成中的重要结构组分或转运因子,它对胚胎发育进程及早期仔鱼的存活至关重要。繁殖期间若缺乏EFA,会影响亲鱼的产卵数以及卵的发育质量,导致鱼卵孵化率下降,还可能引起幼鱼脊柱前突、侧突以及鳔发育不完全等严重后果。本文归纳与总结了国内外有关亲鱼脂类营养、代谢及其对繁殖性能影响的研究成果,希望能有助于我国亲鱼的营养与饲料研究,促进优质亲鱼的培育。 相似文献
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用钼蓝比色法和紫外分光光度法分别测定栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farrPri）两种颜色的卵子及其早期胚胎中磷脂含量和核酸含量，并进行比较。结果表明，橘红色卵子的RNA含量较浅黄色的略高，而两种颜色卵子的DNA含量却非常相似；在2细胞期，高受精率的受精卵其RNA量迅速增加，DNA和磷脂含量变化不大，但低受精率的受精卵相对未受精卵而言，其DNA、RNA和磷脂含量略有降低；在32～64细胞期，受精率高的胚胎中DNA和磷脂含量增加幅度大，RNA基本保持恒定。磷脂含量与卵子或胚胎的颜色可能有关，核酸、磷脂含量的变化与受精率高低有关。本实验旨为鉴定扇贝卵子的质量提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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必需脂肪酸对青鱼生长影响的初步观察 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
鱼类在生命活动过程中,和其它动物一样,需要必需脂肪酸。而研究必需脂肪酸对鱼类生长的影响甚少。据竹内、渡边等报告亚油酸(18∶2ω_3)、亚麻酸(18∶3ω_3)对淡水鱼来说是必需脂肪酸。如虹鳟等缺乏必需脂肪酸,就会出现生长差异,饲料效率低,以至罹病和死亡等现象。国内在这方面的研究尚未报道。为此,作者进行了必需脂肪酸对青鱼(Mylopharyngadon picaes)生长影响的初步观察,为进一步研究脂肪对鱼类的营养价值提供了参考资料。 相似文献
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磷脂是存在于动植物体内一种含磷酸的复合脂质。在过去的几十年中，人们研究了在水生甲壳类和鱼类的饵料中添加磷脂的效果，磷脂在鱼虾类营养方面的重要性已经引起了人们的重视。一、磷脂的种类和结构磷脂广泛存在于动植物体内。磷脂是由一分子甘油与两个脂肪酸、一个磷酸和一个氨基醇残基所组成。根据磷脂分子中N／P的比例，常将它分为一氨基磷脂，P∶N＝１∶１（如卵磷脂、脑磷脂）；二氨基磷脂，P∶N＝１∶２（如神经磷脂）；以及不含氮的磷酸酯等三类。磷脂主要包括卵磷脂、脑磷脂、肌醇磷脂、丝氨酸磷脂、糖脂、固醇脂和磷脂酸，其… 相似文献
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Mónica Beatriz Betancor Sigve Nordrum Eyad Atalah María José Caballero Tibiábin Benítez‐Santana Javier Roo Lidia Robaina Marisol Izquierdo 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(3):395-406
The objective of this study was to evaluate three products derived from krill as sources of essential fatty acids, protein and, particularly, phospholipids in microdiets for larval gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Their effect on larval performance, biochemical composition and histological development was investigated. The addition of krill phospholipids, rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids, improved larval sea bream growth in terms of weight and length, enhanced hepatic utilization of dietary lipids and reduced the incidence of enterocyte injuries. These results confirm the higher nutritional value of marine phospholipids for the early development of marine fish larvae in comparison with soybean phospholipids. 相似文献
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海水鱼类亲体必需脂肪酸营养的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
脂肪酸营养特别是其中的必需脂肪酸在海水鱼类生殖调控方面具有重要的生理作用。饲料中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)以及花生四烯酸(ARA)含量在调控海水鱼类性腺发育、排卵、孵化率及仔鱼质量等方面作用显著。本文主要从必需脂肪酸需求量、对繁殖性能影响、对机体脂肪酸存储影响及对内分泌调控作用4个方面归纳总结了海水鱼类亲体脂肪酸营养的研究概况,并重点分析探讨了在内分泌调控方面的研究进展,同时对后续的研究重点提出了一些建议。 相似文献
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Douglas R. Tocher Eldar . Bendiksen Patrick J. Campbell J. Gordon Bell 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2008,280(1-4):21-34
It has been known for almost 25 years now that inclusion of intact phospholipids in the diet could improve culture performance of various freshwater and marine fish species. The primary beneficial effect was improved growth in both larvae and early juveniles, but also increased survival rates and decreased incidence of malformation in larvae, and perhaps increased stress resistance. Determination of absolute dietary requirements has been hampered by the use, in different dietary trials, of a wide range of phospholipid preparations that can vary greatly both in phospholipid content and class composition. Larval studies have been compromised further by the need on many occasions to supply phospholipid through enrichment of live feeds with subsequent re-modelling of the phospholipid and fatty acid compositions. Generally, the levels of phospholipid requirement are around 2–4% of diet for juvenile fish and probably higher in larval fish. The effects were restricted to young fish, as a requirement for dietary phospholipids has not been established for adult fish, although this has been virtually unstudied. As the majority of studies have used crude mixed phospholipid preparations, particularly soybean lecithin, but also other plant phospholipids and egg yolk lecithin, that are enriched in several phospholipids, it has been difficult to elucidate which specific phospholipid classes impart beneficial effects. Based on the few studies where single pure phospholipid species have been used, the rank order for efficacy appears to be phosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylinositol > phosphatidylethanolamine > phosphatidylserine. The efficacy of other phospholipid classes or sphingolipids is not known. The mechanism underpinning the role of the phospholipids in larval and early juvenile fish must also explain their lack of effect in adult fish. The role of phospholipids appears to be independent of fatty acid requirements although the presence of an unsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position may be important. Similarly, the phospholipid requirement is not related to the delivery of other essential dietary components such as the bases choline and inositol. Studies also suggested that the phospholipid effect was not due to generally enhanced emulsification and digestion of lipids. Rather the evidence led to the hypothesis that early developing stages of fish had impaired ability to transport dietary lipids away from the intestine possibly through limitations in lipoprotein synthesis. The current hypothesis is that the enzymic location of the limitation is actually in phospholipid biosynthesis, perhaps the production of the glycerophosphobase backbone and that dietary supplementation with intact phospholipids in larvae and juvenile fish compensated for this. Thus, dietary phospholipids increase the efficiency of transport of dietary fatty acids and lipids from the gut to the rest of the body possibly through enhanced lipoprotein synthesis. 相似文献
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The composition of fatty acids was determined in neutral lipids and phospholipids from cultured herring reared on a diet based on squid muscle. The phospholipids retained the fatty acid pattern characteristic of marine fish. In contrast, the fatty acids of neutral lipids tended to reflect the fatty acid spectrum in the diet, and were very different from the characteristic pattern of herring oils. It was concluded that the cultured herring had little ability to modify dietary fatty acids and that the enzymes of phospholipid metabolism possess considerable specificity for certain fatty acids. 相似文献
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Essential fatty acid requirements of cultured marine fish larvae 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
M. S. IZQUIERDO 《Aquaculture Nutrition》1996,2(4):183-191
Feeding of marine fish larvae is, in most cases, limited to the administration of two species of live prey. This reduction in the range of food available for the cultured larvae may occasionally lead to nutritional imbalances or deficiencies. A large amount of research has been recently devoted to the study of the essential fatty acid requirements of marine fish larvae. Studies on the biochemical composition of developing eggs and larvae, as well as the comparison of the patterns of loss and conservation during starvation, pointed out the importance of n-3 HUFA and arachidonic acid as essential fatty acids for larvae of marine fish. The biochemical composition of marine fish larvae, in terms of lipid content and fatty acid composition of total and polar lipids, is modified by dietary levels of essential fatty acids. Larval growth, survival and activity have also been reported to be affected by dietary levels of essential fatty acids. In addition, some pathological signs, such as hydrops or abnormal pigmentation, have been related to essential fatty acid deficiency in these fish. Based on these effects, the essential fatty acid requirements of marine larval fish have been reported to range between 0.3 and 55 g kg?1 n-3 HUFA on a dry weight basis, suggesting that quantitative requirements of fish larvae may differ from those of juveniles or adults. But quantitative requirements for larvae of the same species reported by various authors are often contradictory. These differences are discussed in relation to the dietary lipid content, ratio 20:5n-3/22:6n-3 and culture conditions used. 相似文献
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Recent advances in lipid nutrition in fish larvae 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
M.S. Izquierdo J. Socorro L. Arantzamendi C.M. Hernández-Cruz 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2000,22(2):97-107
Due to the importance of dietary lipid utilization for larval rearing success, increasing attention has been paid during the last years to different aspects of larval lipid nutrition such as digestion, absorption, transport and metabolism, which are frequently studied by different research groups. The present study reviews the published information on these aspects, including some recent results obtained in our laboratory, that contribute to a better understanding of larval lipid nutrition.Neutral lipase activity was found in the digesta of larval gilthead seabream as early as first feeding, followed by a significant increase which reached up 8 times the initial levels at day 15 and was clearly influenced by the fatty acid composition of dietary lipids. Accordingly, the capacity for lipid absorption by the intestinal epithelium has been also observed at the onset of exogenous feeding, although the specific location in the different digestive tract segments differ with species. Whereas the capacity to absorb lipid increases with development in live prey-fed larvae, this improvemment is delayed in larvae fed formulated diet. Increasing dietary phosphatidyl cholines levels enhanced lipid absorption regardless of whether it is of soybean or marine origin, but the latter improved hepatic lipid utilization. Enzymatic, histological and biochemical evidences suggest that marine fish larvae are able to effectively digest and absorb n-3 HUFA-rich triacylglycerols, but feeding with phosphoacylglycerols, particularly if they are rich in n-3 HUFA, would enhance phosphoacylglycerols digestion and specially lipid transport alowing a better n-3 HUFA incorporation into larval membrane lipids and promoting fish growth. Although the essentiality of n-3 HUFA for larval marine fish has been studied extensively, only recently has the importance of dietary arachidonic acid in the larvae of few species been recognised. Evidences for competitive interactions among these essential fatty acids suggest that besides a minimum dietary requirement for each essential fatty acid, their relative ratios must also be considered. 相似文献
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Tibor Farkas István Csengeri Ferenc Majoros János Oláh 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1980,20(1):29-40
Formation and deposition of fatty acids in carp maintained on diets differing in total fat as well as linolenic acid content was investigated by following the incorporation of (1-14C)-acetate into liver total- and phospholipid fatty acids at two extreme temperatures (5° and 25°C). Excess dietary linolenic acid was deposited in triglycerides but not in phospholipids. The formation and level of phospholipid docosahexenoic acid was, however, dependent on the amount of linolenic acid in the diet. Despite the vast quantities of ingested linolenic acid, the carp on diets containing sufficient essential fatty acid maintained similar membrane fluidities as judged from the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Decrease of the environmental temperature brought about a reduction in the rate of formation of palmitic acid and an increase in the rate of formation of docosahexenoic acid in carp receiving sufficient essential fatty acid. Consequently, the level of palmitic acid decreased and that of docosahexenoic acid increased in the liver phospholipids in carp and a number of other fish species. Essential fatty acid deficient carp were unable to increase the rate of production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids upon exposure to cold. The results are discussed from the point of view of adaptation of membrane fluidity to the temperature by fish, and the importance of docosahexenoic acid in this process is emphasized. 相似文献
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《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2013,25(1-2):103-143
ABSTRACT In the hatchery production of aquatic animals for aquaculture, livefoods such as diatoms; rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis and brine shrimp, Artemia salina, have been used throughout the world. However, such production requires large facilities, maintenance expenses, and labor to produce a desired amount of live foods constantly and reliably. Also, the nutritive value of planktonic organisms is occasionally variable, indicating that the dietary quality of these live foods varies with the content of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA). Therefore it is necessary to develop microparticulate diets as a substitute for live foods to further increase theproductivity of seed for fish culture. The nutritional components of microparticulate diets for fish larvae should be determined on the basis of requirements of the larval fish for proteins and amino acids, lipids and fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, the efficient development of microparticulate diets for the fish larvae has promoted the improvement of nutritional requirement studies. The present reviewconcerning the nutrition of marine fish larvae focuses on the proteins, amino acids, peptides, fatty acids, phospholipids, depigmentation of flatfish, stress tolerance of lipids, incorporation of HUFA in neural tissues, HUFA in egg and larvae, HUFA enrichment of live food, carbohydrates, vitamins, energy source during embryo and larval stages, enzyme supplement in microparticulate diets, and application of microparticulate diets inaquaculture. 相似文献
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Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and flesh quality 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
M.S. Izquierdo A. Obach L. Arantzamendi D. Montero L. Robaina & G. Rosenlund 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2003,9(6):397-407
Due to its traditionally good availability, digestibility and high content of n ? 3 HUFA, fish oil is the main lipid source in fish feeds. However, world demand for this product has grown significantly in recent years, whereas its production, based on fisheries landings, is static. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of partial replacement of fish oil in compound diets for gilthead seabream and seabass, by several vegetable oil sources, on growth, dietary fatty acid utilization and flesh quality. Five iso‐energetic and isoproteic experimental diets were formulated (25% lipid content). Fish oil was the only added lipid source in the control (FO) diet, and it was included in the other experimental diets at a level high enough (40% of FO diet) to keep the n ? 3 HUFA levels well over 3% in order to cover the essential fatty acid requirements of these species. Fish oil was replaced by soyabean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO) and linseed oil (LO) or a mixture (Mix) of them. Feed intake in all dietary groups was in the range of results obtained for commercial diets in both species, and growth and feed utilization were very good. The results show that, providing a minimum content of essential fatty acids in the diet, it is possible to replace up to 60% of the fish oil by SO, LO and RO or a mixture of them in diets for seabream and seabass, without compromising fish growth. Fatty acid composition of liver and muscle reflected that of the diet, but utilization of dietary lipids differed between these two tissues and was also different for the different fatty acids. Despite reduction in dietary saturated fatty acids by the inclusion of vegetable oils, their levels in fish liver were as high as in fish fed the fish oil diet, whereas, in muscle, levels were reduced according to that in the diet. Linoleic and linolenic acids were accumulated in the liver proportionally to their levels in the diet, suggesting a lower oxidation of these fatty acids in comparison to other 18C fatty acids. Regarding eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5n ? 3; EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6n ? 3; DHA) and arachidonic acid (20 : 4n ? 6; ARA), these essential fatty acids were reduced in the liver at a similar rate, whereas DHA was preferentially retained in the muscle in comparison with the other fatty acids, denoting a higher oxidation particularly of EPA, in the muscle. Some other PUFA increased despite their low dietary levels in seabream fed LO diets and in seabass fed SO diet, suggesting the stimulation of delta‐6 and delta‐5 desaturase activity in marine fish. Despite differences in fatty acid composition, fillet of fish fed vegetable oils was very well accepted by trained judges when assessed cooked. 相似文献
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Influence of dietary polar lipids' quantity and quality on ingestion and assimilation of labelled fatty acids by larval gilthead seabream 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Dietary supplementation of phospholipids seems to be extremely important to promote growth and survival in fish larvae. Several studies also suggest the importance of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) rich phospholipids to further enhance larval performance. In the present study, four different diets were formulated in order to compare the effect of total dietary polar lipid contents, of soya bean lecithin supplementation and of feeding n-3 HUFA in the form of neutral or polar lipids on ingestion and incorporation of labelled fatty acids in gilthead seabream larvae. These diets were prepared including radiolabelled fatty acids from palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, glycerol trioleate, free oleic acid (FOA) and free eicosapentaenoic acid (FEPA) and were fed to 25 day-old larvae. The results of these experiments showed that the elevation of the dietary polar lipid levels significantly improved microdiet ingestion, regardless of the origins of the polar lipids. This effect caused an improved incorporation of phosphatidylcholine fatty acids to the larval polar and total lipids (TL) as the dietary polar lipids increased. Nevertheless, a better incorporation of fatty acids from dietary polar lipids in comparison with that of fatty acids from dietary triglycerides into larval lipids was found in gilthead seabream, whereas a better utilization of dietary triglycerides fatty acids than dietary free fatty acids could also be observed. Besides, the presence of n-3 HUFA rich neutral lipids (NL) significanlty increased the absorption efficiency of labelled oleic acid from dietary triglycerides, but the presence of n-3 HUFA rich polar lipids, particularly improved the incorporation of FEPA. This fatty acid was preferentially incorporated into larval polar lipids in comparison with FOA. 相似文献