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1.
以栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri为母本、长牡蛎Crassostrea gigas为父本进行人工杂交。采用Bouin氏液固定、石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色在光镜下对其受精和第1次卵裂过程中核相变化进行观察;运用压片法和热滴片法分别对4～8细胞期和担轮幼虫期胚胎进行染色体制片。结果表明,长牡蛎精子可以进入栉孔扇贝卵子,并激活卵子减数分裂使其释放第1极体（PB1）和第2极体（PB2）,能够形成雌、雄原核并融合为合子核,接着受精卵开始第1次卵裂;杂交胚胎发育过程中,囊胚期很长、胚胎畸形严重,只能发育到担轮幼虫期;杂种胚胎染色体数目变化范围较大,在20～85之间,染色体不能平均分配到两个子细胞中是杂种胚胎死亡的主要原因。杂交胚胎不能存活保证了异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育的可靠性。 相似文献
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本实验用苔黑酚法对白鲢早期胚胎发育过程中核酸含量的变化进行了分析。由受精卵至卵裂完毕,RNA含量迅速下降,囊胚早期至原肠早期RNA含量又逐渐升高,原肠晚期至神经胚期RNA含量又缓慢上升。 相似文献
3.
采用二氨基苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色荧光显微方法,对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri♀)×长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas♂)受精过程进行详细观察。结果显示,长牡蛎精子能迅速附着并穿过栉孔扇贝卵膜,精核发生解凝缩而膨胀形成雄性原核;精子入卵后,栉孔扇贝卵子减数分裂重新启动,释放极体并形成雌性原核,最后雌、雄原核融合,受精卵开始第1次卵裂。栉孔扇贝与长牡蛎杂交受精率一般在40%左右。受精卵发育过程中出现了排放2个极体、排放1个极体、不排放极体3种类型,所占受精卵比例约为65%、25%和10%。多数受精卵第1次卵裂后期,染色体发生异常分离,不能平均分配到2个子细胞中,这可能是造成早期胚胎畸形,只能发育到担轮幼虫阶段而全部死亡的主要原因。 相似文献
4.
草鱼,链鳙鱼卵受精率计算方法的探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
系统地进行了家鱼卵受精卵受精率统计试验，描述了爱卵与未受精卵的发育形态特征。计算受精率的取样时间应为多细胞期到高囊胚期，随机取卵１００－２００粒，重复两次，求其平均值。本结果可作为青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙鱼卵受精率计算方法标准化的依据。 相似文献
5.
研究了塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）ATHK株对海湾扇贝受精卵孵化的影响，并探讨了可能的影响机制。将海湾扇贝受精卵暴露于不同密度的塔玛亚历山大藻ATHK中，观察其对胚胎孵化各阶段的影响，并利用光镜和透射电镜对实验组和对照组胚胎的外部形态和内部结构进行连续观察。结果表明：该藻对海湾扇贝受精卵孵化有显著的抑制作用，其IC50约为800 mL-1；2000 mL-1的ATHK延缓或破坏了胚胎的正常发育，胚胎内部出现大量溶酶体，原肠胚腔不能形成，且部分细胞出现胞质肿胀、线粒体自溶的现象，细胞不能进行正常的功能性分化；观察发现实验组中有些担轮幼虫的外形畸变，鞭毛发育迟缓；至24 h（D型幼虫）时，ATHK组中的D型幼虫数量远远低于对照组（P<0.05），且死亡率明显高于对照组。观察还发现ATHK藻细胞和胚胎碰撞接触的现象，这种碰撞接触可能对有害物质的释放和转移有一定的刺激作用。 相似文献
6.
针对虾夷扇贝在养殖过程中出现的问题,本研究以风向标扇贝和虾夷扇贝为亲本进行了种间杂交实验,培育出了虾夷扇贝（♀）×风向标扇贝（♂）（PY♀×PC♂）及风向标扇贝（♀）×虾夷扇贝（♂）（PC♀×PY♂）两种杂交一代,并对其早期发育及幼虫期和稚贝期生长进行了比较。结果显示,PY♀×PC♂杂交一代的受精率、孵化率和幼虫期的生长和存活率介于双亲之间,而壳高和壳长的生长均高于双亲,表现出显著的杂种优势;PC♀×PY♂杂交一代的受精率、孵化率、幼虫期生长和存活率均低于双亲,表现为杂种劣势。在养殖第1年,PY♀×PC♂杂交一代的壳高、壳长、壳宽和体质量增长率均高于双亲,杂种优势显著。研究表明,卵子来源对后代的表现具有极其显著的影响,以雌性虾夷扇贝与雄性风向标扇贝进行种间杂交从而改良虾夷扇贝种质是可行的。 相似文献
7.
马氏珠母贝激光育苗，其产量比常规育苗增加１０倍以上，激光能增强精子的活力，提高精液品质，可影响卵子的通透性，使卵子新陈代谢中的某些反应发生良性变化。激光能抑制中致病菌及霉菌的生长，使受精卵发育成健壮的胚胎、幼虫、幼苗。所以，激光育苗是一种投产少，效益极高的育苗方法。 相似文献
8.
采用扫描电子显微镜和普通光学显微镜观察方法,结合全光谱扫描分析方法,对栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝的精子及卵子的受精生物学特性进行了详细的观察,包括精卵产出后形态学变化、卵水的特性、精子顶体反应、卵子皮层反应以及精子分级分离组分对卵子的作用5个方面.结果表明,这两种扇贝精卵生物学特性没有本质的区别,扇贝精子排入海水中10min以内,外形没有太大的变化,但30min以后约有1/4的精子出现头部膨大变成圆球形的现象,受精能力明显下降;扇贝卵子产入海水中1h以内受精能力没有变化,但2h以后,约1/3的卵子出现卵裂现象,未见极体的排放,且卵裂多停止在2细胞期,少数达到4细胞期,基本属于均等卵裂,并失去受精能力;滴入卵水中的精子极易发生自溶解体,未解体的精子发生凝集,10min之后卵水中基本检测不到完整的精子,卵水和钙离子载体A23187均能诱导精子发生顶体反应;精子分级分离组分分别为精浆、精子头部和精子尾部,这三部分除了少数精子头部能够附着在卵子表面外,其他都不具备激活卵子的作用.对扇贝精子和卵子的生物学特性的研究将为解释不同种扇贝的精卵相互识别并受精的现象提供基础资料. 相似文献
9.
一、扇贝的人工育苗与养成技术 扇贝是日本北部的冷水性种类，栖息于海底。扇贝产卵季节，南方比北方早，陆奥湾是在3月中句～4月，内浦湾是5月，猿间湖是5-6月，在产卵季节，雄扇贝排出精子到海里，刺激雌扇贝排出卵子。雄扇贝释放精子的量为雌扇贝的60倍，受精卵发育成仔贝，渡过浮游生活期，大约需要40天。 相似文献
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11.
MINORU TANAKA SHIZUO KIMURA TAKAFUMI FUJIMOTO SUZU SAKAO ETSURO YAMAHA KATSUTOSHI ARAI 《Fisheries Science》2003,69(1):176-180
ABSTRACT: In normally fertilized progeny of the kokanee salmon Oncorhynchus nerka , DNA content flow cytometry revealed that all the externally normal embryos were diploid, whereas abnormal embryos exhibited haplo-diploid, diplo-tetraploid and haplo-diplo-tetraploid mosaicisms, together with a few haploid and diploid individuals. When gynogenetic development was artificially induced by fertilization of eggs obtained from a female of the same kokanee brood stock with UV-irradiated sperm, haplo-diploid mosaics appeared most frequently. These mosaics were likely to happen by certain cytological events, such as meiotic or mitotic errors during the process of maturation, fertilization or early cleavage. 相似文献
12.
Egg quality determinants in cod (Gadus morhua L.): egg performance and lipids in eggs from farmed and wild broodstock 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guillaume Salze Douglas R Tocher William J Roy & Derek A Robertson 《Aquaculture Research》2005,36(15):1488-1499
Lipids and essential fatty acids, particularly the highly unsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), 22:6n‐3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) and 20:4n‐6 (arachidonic acid, AA) have been shown to be crucial determinants of marine fish reproduction directly affecting fecundity, egg quality, hatching success, larval malformation and pigmentation. In Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) culture, eggs from farmed broodstock can have much lower fertilization and hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that potential quality and performance differences between eggs from different cod broodstock would be reflected in differences in lipid and fatty acid composition. Thus eggs were obtained from three broodstock, farmed, wild/fed and wild/unfed, and lipid content, lipid class composition, fatty acid composition and pigment content were determined and related to performance parameters including fertilization rate, symmetry of cell division and survival to hatching. Eggs from farmed broodstock showed significantly lower fertilization rates, cell symmetry and survival to hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. There were no differences in total lipid content or the proportions of the major lipid classes between eggs from the different broodstock. However, eggs from farmed broodstock were characterized by having significantly lower levels of some quantitatively minor phospholipid classes, particularly phosphatidylinositol. There were no differences between eggs from farmed and wild broodstock in the proportions of saturated, monounsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The DHA content was also similar. However, eggs from farmed broodstock had significantly lower levels of AA, and consequently significantly higher EPA/AA ratios than eggs from wild broodstock. Total pigment and astaxanthin levels were significantly higher in eggs from wild broodstock. Therefore, the levels of AA and phosphatidylinositol, the predominant AA‐containing lipid class, and egg pigment content were positively related to egg quality or performance parameters such as fertilization and hatching success rates, and cell symmetry. 相似文献
13.
本研究旨在探究维生素C(V_C)对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)早期发育中孵化率、出膜率和成活率的影响,对其消化酶和脂蛋白脂酶(Lipoprotein lipase,LPL)及肝脂酶(Hepatic Lipase,HL)的影响。实验用圆斑星鲽为人工受精卵,分为5组,孵化水体V_C浓度分别为0、20、25、30和35 mg/L,分别在成熟卵、受精卵、原肠中期、晶体出现期、内源营养期(2日龄)、混合营养期(6日龄)及外源营养期(9日龄)取样。记录圆斑星鲽的出膜时间、出膜率和成活率,测定对照组和生长指标优越组的消化酶活性和2种酯酶的活性。结果显示,25 mg/L的V_C能显著提高圆斑星鲽的出膜率和成活率,并缩短出膜时间(P0.05)。V_C能促进圆斑星鲽早期发育过程中蛋白质的沉积。外源营养期后,胃蛋白酶活性显著提高(P0.05),淀粉酶活性在混合营养期显著提高(P0.05),脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性在内源营养期就显著提高(P0.05)。25 mg/L V_C溶液浸泡使圆斑星鲽胚胎发育过程中的LPL和HL比活力显著升高(P0.05)。合子中的LPL和HL基因可能在原肠期开始表达,合成脂质水解酶分解脂质,为胚胎发育供能。研究表明,圆斑星鲽成熟卵受精后脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶酶优先发挥作用,分解卵黄中的碳水化合物为胚胎发育迅速提供能量。25 mg/L的V_C能显著提高消化酶活性,并促进蛋白质的沉积,有利于孵化成活的V_C浓度可以显著促进圆斑星鲽早期发育的脂质代谢。 相似文献
14.
The egg morphometry and lipid and protein components were determined in induced spawns (n=14) of the sea bass, Lates calcarifer, to identify measures of egg quality. Based on fertilization and hatching rates, the spawns were classified either in Group I, (zero fertilization) or Group II (where fertilization and hatching occurred). The egg morphometry did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.05). The total lipid was higher in Group II than in Group I, although the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The EPA and linoleic acid were significantly higher in Group II (p < 0.05). There were positive correlations between the total saturated fatty acids and fertilization rate (p < 0.05; r=0.58), the total saturated fatty acids and percentage of normal zygotes (p < 0.02; r=0.62), and DHA and the percentage of normal zygotes (p < 0.04; r=0.56). The total protein and FAAs were higher in Group I than in Group II, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Proline, glycine, p-ethanolamine, and aspartic acid were significantly higher in Group II (p < 0.05), while tyrosine and glutamic acid were significantly higher in Group I (p < 0.05). Phosphoserine and fertilization rate were positively correlated (p < 0.03; r=0.60), as well as aspartic acid and hatching rate (p < 0.05; r=0.54). Arginine was negatively correlated with fertilization rate (p < 0.03; r=–0.61) and the percentage of normal zygotes (p < 0.03; r=–0.63). Serine was inversely correlated with yolk volume of the newly-hatched larvae (p < 0.03; r=–0.77). The moisture content of the eggs, which was significantly higher in Group II than in Group I (p < 0.03), was directly correlated with the FAAs:protein ratio (p < 0.03; r=0.76). The present results reveal egg components that may be used as quality measures in induced spawns of sea bass, a euryhaline teleost that spawn pelagic eggs containing an oil globule. 相似文献
15.
Broodstock diet with water and astaxanthin improve condition and egg output of brood fish and larval survival in Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua L. 
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下载免费PDF全文 Broodstock of Atlantic cod were fed with three diets; astaxanthin supplemented (100 ppm kg?1) hydrated diet (30% water) (HWHAs), no additional astaxanthin supplemented (50 ppm kg?1) hydrated diet (30% water) (HWLAs) and a control diet (50 ppm kg?1 astaxanthin and 10% water). Throughout the spawning period, eggs were collected daily and fertilization success and proportion of embryos with normal cleavage were recorded. Larvae were reared using standard culture methods. Larval growth was recorded every 10 days and larval survival was recorded at 50 days post hatch. In general, broodstock fed with diets containing higher water content (HWHAs and HWLAs) and higher astaxanthin (HWHAs) had higher egg production and efficiency of egg output, lower egg incubation mortality and higher larval growth and survival. Broodstock fed with higher water content diets consumed less feed compared to control group. Also, broodstock fed with HWHAs and HWLAs recovered faster in terms of body condition than the control group. The egg bound mortality of female fish was significantly higher in control broodstock compared to broodstock fed with HWHAs and HWLAs. Broodstock fed with higher astaxanthin (HWHAs) had significantly higher fertilization success than other two groups however; no differences were found in proportion embryos with normal cleavage among different groups. Larval survival was significantly higher in HWHAs broodstock compared to other two groups. Our results showed that increased water content and astaxanthin levels in the diet could improve the condition and fecundity of Atlantic cod broodstock. 相似文献
16.
雅砻江鲈鲤的人工繁殖、胚胎及卵黄囊仔鱼发育 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用不同配伍的外源激素对培育成熟的野生鲈鲤进行人工催产,并对其胚胎和1-10日龄卵黄囊仔鱼的发育进程进行详细的观察和描述。注射促黄体素释放激素类似物A2、地欧酮和绒毛膜促性腺激素的鲈鲤亲鱼组的催产效果明显好于注射鲤鱼脑垂体和促黄体素释放激素类似物A2的亲鱼组,效应时间为58h,平均受精率和平均孵化率分别为87.33%和90.75%。在水温(16±2)℃条件下,鲈鲤胚胎发育历时117.83h,所需积温为1855.33℃·h,出膜10d后仔鱼开始平游。鲈鲤胚胎发育分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和出膜期7个阶段,共26个时期。分析发现,在人工催产配伍激素中添加适量的绒毛膜促性腺激素,有助于鲈鲤亲本顺利排卵;鲈鲤卵黄囊仔鱼在孵化出膜后的前5d处于内营养阶段,第6d起转入混合营养阶段,为仔鱼培育的第一危险时期。 相似文献
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Variable quality and yield (percentage development from eggs) D-veligers of the scallop, Pecten fumatus Reeve, prompted assessment of fertilization and incubation protocols. Various sperm to egg ratios were tested on eggs suspended in sea water at different densities. Ratios of 1000:1 led to the highest D-veliger yield when eggs were incubated in suspension at one per millilitre. With increasing egg densities, the addition of 1000 sperm per egg led to increasing average numbers of sperm visible at the periphery of each egg, indicating that fewer sperm were necessary for fertilization at higher egg densities. The time period and temperature over which released gametes were stored before fertilization were also found to significantly affect D-veliger yield. Decreasing gamete storage temperature from 26 to 14oC increased D-veliger yield, as did a reduction in the gamete storage period from 6 to 1 h. The incubation of embryos at densities in the 5-50 ml-1 range did not affect D-veliger yield. A significant increase in total bacterial counts in the culture water occurred with increasing embryo stocking densities. However, presumptive Vibrionaceae counts did not increase significantly with increasing embryo stocking densities. In a comparison of the viability of self- and cross-fertilized embryos and larvae, fewer self-fertilized embryos developed to D-veliger stage; however, percentage survival, although highly variable, did not differ significantly in subsequent larval rearing. Cross-fertilized larvae had attained a significantly larger size by day 7. 相似文献
18.
采用马粪海胆胚胎为试验材料,研究了0^#柴油、船用柴油和船用重质燃料油分散液（WAF）对卵细胞、精子及胚胎发育的毒性效应,并通过色谱-质谱对3种油品分散液进行了组分分析。结果显示,石油烃使精卵受精能力下降,使整个受精过程完成的时间延后。马粪海胆精子对石油烃污染比卵细胞更为敏感,可以作为海洋石油污染的指示生物。3种油品分散液使得胚胎发育至2细胞期、4细胞期、8细胞期、16细胞期和囊胚期的时间延后,这种延后的现象随着发育进程和油品分散液浓度升高而愈发明显。可以推断3种油品分散液对于海胆胚胎生长发育过程的毒性顺序为：0号柴油〉船用柴油〉船用重质燃料油。 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing tetraploid fishes. Eggs of salmon (Salmo Salar) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were treated with concentrations of cytochalasin B ranging from 1 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml for varying periods of time. All treated groups had higher death rates than untreated controls. If the treatment was started immediately after fertilization and before the eggs had swollen all eggs died. The highest frequency of mosaic embryos and polyploid cells was obtained when the treatment started 35–70 h° (hour-degrees) after fertilization and lasted until about the 4-cell stage of development. A dose of 10 μg/ml of cytochalasin B gave the most satisfactory results. This concentration was used for further work. Two batches of 6000 salmon eggs and several groups of rainbow trout eggs were treated and hatched. The hatchability was generally low while the control group had a normal hatchability. If some of the treated fish are eventually found to be tetraploids and fertile, they will be used to produce triploid offspring by crossing with normal diploid fish. 相似文献
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《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2013,25(3-4):147-153
Abstract Separate batches of tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, were fed three different diets, and the effect of these nutritional treatments on RNA and DNA concentrations in the ovary was examined. The given diets did not produce any significant difference in the concentrations of the nucleic acids. DNA remained remarkably stable. RNA/DNA ratio varied from 2.18 to 3.62 and largely followed the pattern similar to that of RNA. Differences in the RNA/DNA ratio did not suggest actual quantitative change in DNA per cell. Cause and effect relations need to be differentiated by analysis of nucleic acid contents at cell level for further insights into the possible link between the dynamics of change in the nucleic acids and broodstock nourishment. 相似文献