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1.
Krizsan SJ Nyholm L Nousiainen J Südekum KH Huhtanen P 《Journal of animal science》2012,90(9):3162-3173
The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. 相似文献
2.
中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。 相似文献
3.
Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015. 相似文献
4.
Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Meemken D Cuny C Witte W Eichler U Staudt R Blaha T 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2008,115(4):132-139
In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research. 相似文献
5.
W A Vestre 《Modern veterinary practice》1984,65(2):93-97
In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye. 相似文献
6.
中国野生动物驯养与繁殖法律制度的缺陷与完善 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
野生动物驯养繁殖在世界野生动物资源保护中具有重要作用，有关野生动物驯养繁殖的法律制度也成为各国野生动物资源保护立法的主要内容。本文针对目前中国野生动物驯养繁殖的立法现状与存在问题，提出完善中国野生动物驯养繁殖的国内法对策，以推进中国野生动物资源保护立法的发展。 相似文献
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应激宁对HSP70在大鼠应激性溃疡中表达的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探讨热休克蛋白70(HSP70)在应激性溃疡中表达的变化及应激宁对其变化的影响,选用Wistar大鼠水浸-束缚应激(WRS)4 h的方法,建立应激性溃疡模型.用免疫组织化学方法检测胃黏膜组织HSP70的表达.结果表明,HSP70的表达主要分布在胃腺区,对照组大鼠胃黏膜组织中有散在的表达,应激组中HSP70阳性细胞数目较应激宁组增多,两者具有明显的差异(P＜0.05),而且,应激组和应激宁组中HSP70阳性细胞数目均比对照组明显增多(P＜0.01).表明应激宁对WRS后胃黏膜组织HSP70的表达具有调节作用,这也表明应激宁具有抗应激的作用. 相似文献
9.
Suepaul SM Carrington CV Campbell M Borde G Adesiyun AA 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(2):367-375
A study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis and infecting serovars across livestock (cattle, sheep,
goats, and pigs) in Trinidad using the microscopic agglutination test with an international panel of 23 serovars. Of a total
of 590 cattle tested, 21.5% were seropositive with agglutinations to 13 of the 23 antigens used in the panel. Icterohaemorrhagiae
(9.3%), Sejroe (4.1%), Ballum (4.1%), and Autumnalis (1.9%) were the predominant serogroups detected in the cattle sampled
(n = 590). Of 222 sheep tested, 5.0% were seropositive with agglutinations to five serovars belonging to two serogroups. These
serogroups were Autumnalis at 2.7%, and Icterohaemorrhagiae at 2.3% of all sheep tested (n = 222). Of a total of 180 goats tested, 3.3% were seropositive, all agglutinating to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, 1.7%
to serovar Copenhageni, 1.1% to serovar Mankarso, and 0.6% to serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. Among pigs (n = 200), 5.0% were seropositive for five serovars belonging to three serogroups. These serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae
at 2.5%, Australis at 2%, and Ballum at 0.5%. Overall, age and sex of animals were not significantly associated with leptospirosis
with the exception of cattle where age was a significant factor for seropositivity. It was concluded that for livestock, leptospirosis
may be an important zoonotic and economic disease, particularly in the case of cattle. It is imperative that the impact of
leptospirosis on abortion, stillbirths, and decreased milk production in livestock in the country be assessed. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hypodermosis in cattle in the east and southeast of Turkey. For this purpose, a total of 634 sera samples of cattle were collected from Malatya, Elazig and Diyarbakir provinces of east and southeast of Turkey from November 2005 to February 2006. The sera were analyzed using a Hypodermin C antigen by means of indirect ELISA. One hundred and forty eight (23.3%) out of 634 cattle were seropositive for hypoderma antibodies. The highest percentage of seropositivity were detected at Elazig province (26.3%) followed by Malatya (22.3%) and Diyarbakir provinces (22.1%). The seropositivity rate was higher in female (31%) than male (14.1%). When the mean is considered by animal breed, the highest seropositivity was detected at local breed (27.7%) following crossbreed (26.8%) and purebreed (19.7%). There was a positive relation between age and seropositivity. Seropositivity rate was 15.9% in 2 and under ages while these rates were 38.1% and 30.4% in 3-4 ages and 5 and up ages, respectively. 相似文献
12.
Jackson R Pite L Kennard R Ward D Stack J Domi X Rami A Dedushaj I 《The Veterinary record》2004,154(24):747-751
A cross-sectional survey of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep, goats and cattle in Kosovo was made in January 2001. A total of 12,000 serum samples, from 7941 cattle, 3548 sheep and 511 goats, were screened using the Rose Bengal test. Doubtful and positive results were further tested with competitive and indirect ELISAS. The overall serological prevalences derived from the samples positive to all three tests, were 6.26 per cent (95 per cent confidence intervals [CI] 5.5 to 7.1 per cent) for sheep, 7.24 per cent (5.3 to 9.8 per cent) for goats and 0.58 per cent (0.43 to 0.77 per cent) for cattle. The survey covered 26 of the 29 municipalities and showed that brucellosis was widely but unevenly distributed throughout the province. Seropositive animals were found in 25 per cent (19 to 32 per cent) of 162 villages surveyed. The risk of cattle being infected on holdings where both cattle and sheep were kept was greater, with a risk ratio of 4.6 (2.2 to 9.6), than on holdings where only cattle were kept. Brucella melitensis probably predominates as the cause of brucellosis in ruminants in the province of Kosovo. 相似文献
13.
Outbreaks of dermatophilosis in nine herds of dairy cattle in Israel were studied retrospectively. The outbreaks might have been associated with the exposure of the animals to intense showering during the spring and summer months of May to October, in addition to calving and postcalving stress. The acute exudative form of dermatophilosis occurred in the first-calving cows during the six weeks after they calved. The morbidity rate ranged from 10.0 to 66.6 per cent and the period of morbidity ranged from eight to 19 days. Mortality or culling occurred in four of the herds and ranged from 1.6 to 17.1 per cent. The disease also resulted in a gradual loss of condition, a decrease in milk production and marked increases in the somatic cell counts in milk. 相似文献
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Jackson R Ward D Kennard R Amirbekov M Stack J Amanfu W El-Idrissi A Otto H 《The Veterinary record》2007,161(14):476-482
A cross-sectional serological survey of the prevalence of brucellosis in ruminants in the Region of Republican Subordination and Khatlon oblasts (provinces) in Tajikistan was conducted in May 2003. Sera from 13,625 ruminants involving 3513 households in 172 kishlaks (villages) were collected and screened by the rose bengal test. Doubtful and positive results were further tested with competitive and indirect elisas. The overall serological prevalences (95 per cent confidence intervals [cis]) were 5.8 per cent (5.2 to 6.4 per cent) for sheep, 5.5 per cent (5.0 to 6.0 per cent) for goats and 2.1 per cent (1.0 to 3.2 per cent) for cattle. The results show that brucellosis was a common disease of ruminants that was widely but unevenly distributed throughout the two oblasts. Seropositive animals were found in 119 of the 172 kishlaks (69.2 per cent [95 per cent ci 61.9 to 75.6 per cent]) and 14.4 per cent (95 per cent ci 13.3 to 15.6 per cent) of the 3513 households. Evidence of infection was also found in cattle kept for milk production in urban kishlaks in two major cities and in state-owned dairy farms. 相似文献
17.
The faeces of 205 domestic cattle (Bos taurus) from 5 regions of Saudi Arabia were examined for the presence of coccidian parasites. The following species of Eimeria were recovered: Eimeria auburnensis, E. bovis, E. cylindrica, E. ellipsoidalis, E. subspherica, E. wyomingensis and E. zuerni. A total of 34.1% of the individual faecal samples were positive for the presence of coccidial oocysts. Mixed infections of 2-4 species were found in 15.7% of the specimens. E. zuerni and E. bovis occurred most frequently and were generally the most predominant species. The incidence of coccidia-infected cattle was higher in the eastern region. 相似文献
18.
D W Angarano D W Scott 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1987,190(11):1433-1434
Ketoconazole, an antifungal imidazole derivative, was used successfully to treat Tricophyton mentagrophytes infection in a dog. The drug was administered orally (11 mg/kg of body weight, q 24 h) and continued for 90 days. Though ketoconazole is not licensed currently for veterinary purposes, it has been used successfully to treat dermatophyte infections as well as intermediate and deep fungal diseases in both dogs and cats. In this case, ketoconazole was found to be nontoxic and less expensive than griseofulvin in the treatment of dermatophytosis. 相似文献
19.
年内蒙古赤峰市天然草场牧草返青期分析 《畜牧与饲料科学》2015,36(3):23-23
2014年12月—2015年2月中旬,内蒙古赤峰市的气温偏高、降水偏少,且降水分布不均匀,该气候条件对牧区正常的牧业生产活动产生了不利影响。通过对天然草场牧草返青期与前期气候条件综合分析后,对该地区天然草场牧草返青期进行了预测,即2015年赤峰市天然草场牧草返青期出现在4月下旬—5月上旬,总体较常年偏早3~6 d。 相似文献
20.
Experiences in the control of brucellosis in cattle herds in the government district of Hannover 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Caused by imported beef cattle new outbreaks of Brucellosis (subtype III) were observed in the government district of Hannover, which was "Brucellosis free" over a long period. With the aim to interrupt the series of infections from herd to herd it seemed to be necessary to introduce a herd screening system including frequent tests. It was not possible to screen the herds by the usual way of blood serum testing because of reasons of practicability and economy. A practicable alternative was the ELISA supported tank investigation. Four of the last six outbreaks were detected by this milk sampling. The other two infected herds were detected by only clinical symptoms because the lactating cows were not infected and had no contacts to the infected separately held heifers. The required test frequency in the dairy cattle herds could only be realized applying an ELISA supported highly sensitive tank milk test method. This method offered the chance of discovering infected herds as soon as possible and prevented greater economical losses and animal health risks. The tank milk screening of the dairy cattle herds to detect antibodies against Brucellosis (and additional EBL and IBR) has now become a standard method to continue the official status "free from..." This is a safer and a more economic alternative to the previous blood sampling of cattle older than two years with a three years interval because this method guarantees a safe information about the serological status of each cow which is now tested at least once a year, depending on the time of dry standing status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献