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1.
于2004年对金沙江干热河谷地区典型稀树灌草丛退化草地进行了围栏封育。在封育后第1年和第2年,以未围栏封育退化草地为对照,对草地土壤种子库和植被的物种组成、密度变化、多样性变化及土壤种子库与植被群落的相似性进行了调查和分析。结果表明,随着围栏封育年限的增加,土壤种子库密度和植物密度增加极显著（P〈0．001）,其物种组成主要以一年生草本为主。在围栏封育过程中,土壤种子库和物种丰富度明显下降,物种多样性降低,植被均匀性下降。随着封育年限增加,土壤种子库物种组成相似性指数和植被物种组成相似性指数均降低。  相似文献   

2.
封育对沙化典型草原土壤种子库的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
本文对封育和未封育放牧草地土壤种子库种子密度、种子库组成、种子库物种多样性及均匀性进行了比较研究,并得出的主要结论是:①实施封育提高了土壤种子库种子密度。②封育能使草地中的优良禾草及多年生植物种子所占比例增加。③封育能使土壤种子库物种多样性及丰富度增加。  相似文献   

3.
持久种子库在黄土高原植被恢复中的作用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
通过对荒漠草原11个植被群落持久种子库特征及其与地上植被、地理位置关系的研究,探讨了持久种子库在植被恢复重建中的作用。结果表明,荒漠草原持久种子库以草本植物为主,密度为31.5～482.3粒·m-2,群落类型和土壤分层对持久土壤种子库密度影响显著（P<0.05）。持久土壤种子库密度与纬度之间呈显著负相关,而与经度的相关性不显著（P>0.05）;经纬度对持久种子库物种丰富度、多样性以及地上植被-土壤种子库的相似性影响不显著;海拔对持久种子库密度影响不显著,但对持久种子库的物种丰富度、多样性以及地上植被-土壤种子库的相似性影响显著,随着海拔的升高,物种丰富度、多样性以及地上植被-土壤种子库的相似性降低。持久种子库与地上植被的相似性较低,依靠持久种子库恢复灌木层植被的潜能很小。  相似文献   

4.
开展土壤种子库的研究对草原植被恢复具有重要意义。以宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原为对象,对封育(F15)、水平沟(S15)、鱼鳞坑(Y15)整地后15年草地以及长期放牧草地(F0)的0~15 cm土壤种子库的物种组成、密度特征、物种多样性及其与地上植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明:1)土壤种子库植物以多年生植物为主,F0和S15种子库以禾本科物种比例最高,Y15和F15以菊科最高;植物种类以鱼鳞坑最多,封育次之,放牧地最少。2)相对于F0,Y15、S15和F15措施使土壤种子库密度增加,且以Y15增加最为明显。各处理下种子库优势物种各异,种子库密度具有表聚特征。3)各措施下,土壤种子库优势度、多样性和均匀度指数接近,鱼鳞坑提高了种子库丰富度指数;处理间土壤种子库存在一定程度的相似性,以封育和鱼鳞坑相似性最高,达到0.81。4)各措施下土壤种子库与地上植被多样性、丰富度、均匀度和优势度存在一定差异,种子库与地上植被的相似性系数在0.37~0.55之间,相似性总体较低。相对而言,鱼鳞坑土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性最高,是最有利于土壤种子库密度和丰富度增加的措施。  相似文献   

5.
黄土高原草地封育与放牧条件下土壤种子库特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
对半干旱区黄土高原草地在封育和放牧条件下土壤种子库种子密度、种子库组成、种子库物种多样性及均匀性进行了比较研究,并得出主要结论：1）封育提高土壤种子库的植物种类和密度,使优良禾草和多年生植物增加。2）种子库的垂直分布规律是随着土层的加深,种子在数量上递减的速度较快。3）坡向和坡位对土壤种子库有较大影响,种子库密度变化趋势是阴坡>阳坡;坡下部>坡中部>坡上部。4）从丰富度、Shannon Wiener多样性和均匀性3个方面比较分析封育和放牧样地土壤种子库多样性,得出封育样地Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon Wiener指数都高于放牧地,Pielou均匀性指数低于放牧地。  相似文献   

6.
封育对典型草原植物群落物种多样性及土壤有机质的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
赵菲  谢应忠  马红彬  沈艳 《草业科学》2011,28(6):887-891
摘要：研究了宁夏云雾山自然保护区不同封育年限典型天然草地植被物种多样性及土壤有机质含量。结果表明,随着封育年限的增加,物种丰富度和多样性呈先增加后降低的趋势,均匀性指数的变化总体与多样性变化趋势相反。不同封育年限土壤有机质含量存在显著差异,封育15年、25年的典型天然草地土壤有机质含量较高,封育5年、20年的典型天然草地土壤有机质含量居中,未封育的典型天然草地土壤有机质含量最低。草原植被物种丰富度指数与多样性指数和土壤有机质含量之间呈负相关关系,植被均匀度指数与土壤有机质含量有正相关关系。  相似文献   

7.
典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
研究内蒙古巴林右旗退化草原围封不同阶段土壤种子库的数量和物种组成以及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明:随着封育年限增加,土壤种子库中物种数目呈增加趋势,一年生植物种类逐渐减少,多年生植物种类逐渐增加,至封育6年时一年生植物在典型草原群落中基本消失;土壤种子库密度随着围封年限增加而逐渐增加,表现为围封1年时草地土壤种子库密度平均为1192粒·m-2,而围封10年时草地土壤种子库密度达到2544粒·m-2,较围封1年的群落增涨53.1%。  相似文献   

8.
为了研究围栏封育和未围栏封育不同年限草地土壤种子库的变化情况,试验以盐池县退化荒漠草原为研究对象,采用室内萌发的方法对土壤种子库进行了测定。结果表明:不同围栏封育年限草地土壤种子库组成以多年生草本植物为主;在围栏封育条件下土壤种子库密度是190~690粒/m2,围栏封育5年的草地土壤种子库密度最高,随着围栏封育年限的继续延长,种子库的密度有所降低;土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数较低;不同围栏封育年限草地地上植被密度与土壤种子库密度呈正相关。  相似文献   

9.
封育对退化沙质草地土壤种子库与地上群落结构的影响   总被引：38，自引：4，他引：34  
对封育和未封育放牧草地土壤种子库、地上幼苗库和定植群落的结构特征进行了比较研究,并探讨了地上植被与土壤种子库密度的关系,主要结论是：1)对退化沙地实施封育措施后显著提高了地上植被与土壤种子库的密度和植物种数,特别是显著增加了地上与土壤种子库群落中优良禾草的种数与密度,草地质量得到很大改善。2)地上植被与土壤种子库对放牧干扰的响应模式不同,放牧对地上植被种丰富度的影响要明显大于土壤种子库,而对土壤种子库密度的影响又明显大于地上植被。3)由于放牧显著降低了地上植被与土壤种子库的共有种数,从而降低了地上植被与土壤种子库组成上的相似性。另外,封育和未封育草地在种子库组成上的相似性要高于地上植被组成上的相似性,提供了放牧更强烈地影响地上植被组成的重要佐证。4)回归分析显示,土壤种子库密度与地上早期幼苗库密度和后期定植群落密度以及幼苗库密度与定植群落密度之间均存在显著的正相关性,早期幼苗库密度的56％的变异可归结为土壤种子库密度的变异,而后期定植群落密度的77％的变异可由早期幼苗库密度的变异来解释.  相似文献   

10.
土壤种子库作为植被的潜在种源,对荒漠草原植被恢复、群落演替具有重要的指示意义。以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原苦豆子群落和芨芨草群落为研究对象,在2种群落封育和未封育的草地上,选取地势相对平坦、环境条件较为一致的25 m×30 m 的4个大的样方进行群落调查;并在4个大的样方内取0~2 cm、2~5 cm和5~10 cm土层的土样,采取种子过筛直接辨认和种子萌发试验来进行土壤种子库的鉴定。分析了两种植物群落封育前后土壤种子库物种组成、种子密度、多样性及相似性等特征。结果表明:封育可提高两种植物群落土壤种子库中物种数目;而对两种植物群落土壤种子库种子密度的影响不同,苦豆子群落种子密度封育内外差异较小,芨芨草群落封育内种子密度显著提高。随着土层的加深,两种植物群落封育内外土壤种子库物种数和种子密度均呈递减趋势,封育后两种植物群落不同土层物种数均有增加,但封育对两种植物群落土壤种子库中种子密度的垂直分布影响不同。封育可提高两种植物群落土壤种子库的多样性、均匀度和丰富度,但两种植物群落土壤种子库的多样性特征对封育的响应不同,芨芨草群落在荒漠草原的稳定性更高。两种植物群落封育内外土壤种子库相似性相对较高,苦豆子群落封育后有向芨芨草群落演替的趋势。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

16.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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