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1.
韩学明 《草业学报》2000,17(4):27-28
1997～1998年对化隆县草场上发生的鼠虫危害进行了调查研究,发现5大类草场都有害鼠和蝗虫分布;其中,在山地草甸和山地草原上较多.全县鼠害草场面积22506hm2,虫害草场面积21986hm2;高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔是优势害鼠,狭翅雏蝗、小翅雏蝗和红翅皱膝蝗是优势害虫.高原鼠兔密度为2.5只/hm2,高原鼢鼠为3只/hm2;蝗虫平均密度为21头/hm2.  相似文献   

2.
大通县草场总面积为15．8万hm^2，可利用草场面积14．6万hm^2；全县草场分为六片，天然草场类型主要有山地草甸类草场、山地灌丛类草场。根据海东地区畜牧兽医站东牧医（2001）第07号文的指示精神，我们于2001年7－8月对全县草场上的害虫分布情况进行了全面调查。结果：天然草地害虫主要是鳞翅目毒蛾科的青海草原毛虫，直翅目蝗虫总科的狭翅雏蝗、小翅雏蝗、短星翅蝗。害虫危害面积为8500hm^2，占可利用草地面积的5．79％，草原毛虫虫口密度平均18．68头／m^2，蝗虫虫口密度平均为12．73头／m^2。  相似文献   

3.
祁连县草地鼠虫和毒草危害现状及防治意见   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  
祁连县天然草地害鼠害虫及毒草调查表明,鼠类有高原鼠兔、高原盼鼠、喜玛拉雅旱獭和根田鼠等,主要危害种为高原鼠兔和高原盼鼠,鼠害危害面积为３２．６万ｈｍ３,年损失牧草２３１２２．５３万ｋｇ;蝗虫有宽须蚁蝗、狭翅雏蝗、白边痂蝗等６种,危害面积为１０．００万ｈｍ２,年损失牧草２９９０．８２万ｋｇ;青海草原毛虫,发生危害面积１．４１万ｈｍ２,年损失牧草２８３．８１万ｋｇ;毒草以黄花棘豆、甘肃棘豆和狼毒为主,危害面积１５．０７万ｈｍ２,年减少牧草１６０４７．６万ｋｇ。“三害”累计损失牧草４２４４４．７６万ｋｇ,相当于２９．０７万个羊单位的饲草量。应在规划的基础上,加强防治力度,以有效地控制三害的发生蔓延。  相似文献   

4.
据１９９７年河南县草地“鼠虫害、毒草、黑土滩”调查,该县高原鼢鼠分布广,危害面积高达７．４７万ｈｍ２,对草场破坏十分严重。为此青海省畜牧厅下达给河南县３．３３万ｈｍ２（５０万亩）的高原鼢鼠灭治任务,由黄南州草原站、青海省草原总站、河南县草专队联合组成工作组,于１９９９年４月１０日至６月１５日进行了灭治。本次灭鼠历时６５天,灭治面积３．７５万ｈｍ２,捕捉鼢鼠６．４４万只,投入资金２１．５万元。灭治效果９１．２８％。１　灭治前准备为了使灭鼠工作能够保质保量的完成,防治前对防治区作了详细调查。经９个捕…  相似文献   

5.
乐都县天然草地鼠虫害及毒草调查   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
通过对乐都县天然草地鼠虫害及毒草调查，全县天然草地鼠类有高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和根田鼠，主要危害种为高原鼢鼠，发生危害面积7．74万hm2，其中，中、重度危害气54万hm2损失牧草4671．03万kg；蝗虫有鼓翅雏膝蝗、宽须蚁蝗、小翅雏蝗、白边痴蝗等7种，发生危害面积11．84万hm2，损失牧草403．59万kg；毒草危害以黄花棘豆，甘肃棘豆，兰花棘豆和狼毒为主，发生危害面积17.75万hm2，其中，中、重度危害6．49万hm2，减少牧草4473．63万kg。“三害”累计年损失牧草9548．22万kg，相当于6．54万个羊单位的饲草量。  相似文献   

6.
高原鼠兔的经济损害水平及防治指标研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
 ２００７－２００８年在肃南县大河乡大岔村的高寒草甸和高寒草原对高原鼠兔的经济损害水平及防治指标研究的结果表明,高原鼠兔种群数量与其危害所造成草原牧草减产量（地上植物）及经济损失呈正相关关系,相关系数为：r＝０．９７６５;高原鼠兔的有效洞口数（X）与牧草减产量（M）的线性回归方程为：M＝－１６．９６０３＋０．９１８０X在１３３０ｈｍ２ 范围内用Ｃ 型肉毒梭菌生物毒素进行防治,核算单位面积防治成本为２５．０５元／ｈｍ２;试验期间,高原鼠兔的实际鼠密度高达５１０有效洞口／ｈｍ２,经济损害水平为１３０有效洞口／ｈｍ２;实际经济损失率高达３２．９％,而经济允许损失率只有１１．２％。根据经济允许损失率测算的有效防治指标为１８５有效洞口／ｈｍ２。  相似文献   

7.
通过近1年的实地调查分析,分别针对草原蝗虫、草原毛虫、高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔的分布地点、发生面积、密度进行了汇总,并对2008年的发生趋势进行了预测,预计刚察、海晏、祁连三县将发生较为严重的蝗虫灾害,草原毛虫将对祁连县造成较大危害,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔仍将大面积发生。  相似文献   

8.
通过近1年的实地调查分析,分别针对草原蝗虫、草原毛虫、高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔的分布地点、发生面积、密度进行了汇总,并对2008年的发生趋势进行了预测,预计刚察、海晏、祁连三县将发生较为严重的蝗虫灾害,草原毛虫将对祁连县造成较大危害,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔仍将大面积发生.  相似文献   

9.
草原蝗虫开发利用的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
青海草原环湖及柴达木蝗区大部分地面平缓，宜于机械作业。蝗虫种群密度８０～１２０头／ｍ２者居多，面积为４０～５０万ｈｍ２，贮量小年为４８４０Ｔ，大年为６５６０Ｔ，开发前景广阔。蝗虫粉含粗蛋白７４．８８％，居我国目前优良饲料之首。经试验，作为饲料添加剂与５０％的进口鱼粉比较，京黄１号７日龄肉仔鸡饲喂４９天后成活率为８８．７１％，体重平均增长１０２０．２ｇ，二者差异不显著；星杂二八八６～８月龄蛋鸡饲喂后产蛋量提高１８．０８％，产蛋率提高７．９９％，完全可以代替鱼粉。新研制的捕蝗机捕蝗率为６５．０～７４．２％，生产率２．７４ｈｍ２／ｈ，单机捕幅４ｍ。以１９９３年的市场价格为准，机捕的经济效益为２８．６０元／ｈｍ２，且有突出的社会和生态效益。  相似文献   

10.
夏河县是全省主要的牧业县,境内水资源较为丰富,黄河主要支流大夏河和洮河分别贯穿境内东部和南部。广阔的草原为发展畜牧业提供了得天独厚的优越条件,但是长期以来,由于当地自然环境的特殊性及其它诸方面的原因,导致草原鼠害大面积发生。据最新调查统计,夏河县天然草原上的害鼠有三目十一科四十六种,鼠害发生面积达30万hm2,占全县草原总面积的59%,其中分布最广、危害最为严重的为高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔,危害面积达22万hm2,占全县草场总面积的43.46%,其中高原鼢鼠危害面积14.67万hm2,占全县草场总面积的28.97%,平均鼠密度为11～48只/hm2,严重危害区达到60只/hm2;高原鼠兔危害面积7.3万hm2,占全县草场总面积的14.49%,平均鼠密度为45只/hm2,严重危害区达到100只/hm2以上。在鼠害区平均牧草损失达30%以上,在严重危害区牧草损失达到60%以上,全县每年仅因草原害鼠采食损失的牧草可供10万个羊单位放牧一年。草原鼠类不仅采食牧草,与畜争食,更为严重的是通过挖掘洞穴,推土造丘,形成大面积“黑土滩”和“鼠荒地”。由于鼠类危害和超载过牧等因素的影响,导致草原生态环境持续恶化,严重制约当地草原畜牧业的发展。目前,全县“三化”草场面积达45.3万hm2,占全县天然草地总面积的89.57％。其中,重度退化面积12.58万hm2,占退化面积的27.75%;中度退化面积2.15万hm2,占退化面积的71.03%;轻度退化面积0.554万hm2,占退化面积的1.22%。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

15.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

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