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1.
试验采用动态pH值连续监测记录系统对瘤胃pH值进行24 h连续监测,旨在研究不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF比)日粮对奶山羊瘤胃pH值昼夜动态变化的影响.选用6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊作为试验动物,采用自身对照试验设计,分为4期,每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比分别为1.02(Ⅰ期)、1.24(Ⅱ期)、1.63(Ⅲ期)、2.58(Ⅳ期)的4种日粮.结果表明,瘤胃pH值随着日粮NFC/NDF比增加而显著降低(P＜0.05),瘤胃pH值＜5.2、5.5、5.8、6.0的平均持续时间亦随日粮NFC/NDF比增加而延长,分别由Ⅰ期的0、0、2.42和9.40 h/d增加到Ⅳ期的0.33、7.50、17.06和20.53 h/d;瘤胃pH值＜5.5、5.8、6.0的曲线面积亦逐步加大,分别由Ⅰ期的0、0.21和1.43(pH·h)增加到Ⅳ期的1.09、4.84和8.59(pH·h)；而且瘤胃pH值下降速率和下降幅度及最低值所持续的时间亦随日粮NFC/NDF比增加而增加.  相似文献   

2.
不同NFC/NDF比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃pH动态变化的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
试验采用动态pH连续监测记录系统对瘤胃pH进行24h连续监测,旨在研究不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF比)日粮对奶山羊瘤胃pH昼夜动态变化的影响。选用6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊作为试验动物,采用自身对照试验设计,分为4期,每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比分别为1.02(Ⅰ期)、1.24(Ⅱ期)、1.63(Ⅲ期)、2.58(Ⅳ期)的4种日粮。结果表明:瘤胃pH随着日粮NFC/NDF比增加而显著降低(P<0.05),瘤胃pH<5.2、5.5、5.8、6.0的平均持续时间亦随日粮NFC/NDF比增加而延长,分别由Ⅰ期的0、0、2.42h/d和9.40h/d增加到Ⅳ期的0.33、7.50、17.06h/d和20.53h/d;瘤胃pH<5.5、5.8、6.0曲线面积亦逐步加大,分别由Ⅰ期的0、0.21和1.43(pH·h)增加到Ⅳ期的1.09、4.84和8.59(pH·h);而且瘤胃pH下降速率和下降幅度及最低值所持续的时间亦随日粮NFC/NDF比增加而增加。  相似文献   

3.
试验旨在探讨日粮不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF)对奶山羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响.选择6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊作为试验动物,采用自身对照试验法,共分为4组(分4期进行),每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比分别为1.02(Ⅰ期)、1.24(Ⅱ期)、1.63(Ⅲ期)、2.58(Ⅳ期)的4种日粮.结果表明,随着日粮NFC/NDF比的提高瘤胃pH值降低,瘤胃pH值下降速率和下降幅度及pH值低于5.2、5.5、5.8、6.0的持续时间随之加快、延长；瘤胃丙酸、丁酸及总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量随日粮NFC/NDF比提高呈增加趋势,而乙酸含量及乙酸/丙酸则呈降低趋势;血浆乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及TVFA均呈增加趋势.当日粮NFC/NDF比达2.58时,瘤胃pH值在5.2～5.5之间持续时间每日达7h以上,此时瘤胃乳酸含量较低,血浆及瘤胃TVFA含量显著提高(P＜0.05).结果表明,随着日粮NFC/NDF比的提高,使瘤胃逐渐处于酸性环境,改变了瘤胃发酵模式；瘤胃pH值的下降主要源于瘤胃TVFA增多,而非乳酸；当日粮NFC/NDF比为2.58时,奶山羊发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒.  相似文献   

4.
试验旨在探讨日粮不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF)对奶山羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选择6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊作为试验动物,采用自身对照试验法,共分为4组(分4期进行),每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比分别为1.02(Ⅰ期)、1.24(Ⅱ期)、1.63(Ⅲ期)、2.58(Ⅳ期)的4种日粮。结果表明,随着日粮NFC/NDF比的提高瘤胃pH值降低,瘤胃pH值下降速率和下降幅度及pH值低于5.2、5.5、5.8、6.0的持续时间随之加快、延长;瘤胃丙酸、丁酸及总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量随日粮NFC/NDF比提高呈增加趋势,而乙酸含量及乙酸/丙酸则呈降低趋势;血浆乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及TVFA均呈增加趋势。当日粮NFC/NDF比达2.58时,瘤胃pH值在5.2～5.5之间持续时间每日达7h以上,此时瘤胃乳酸含量较低,血浆及瘤胃TVFA含量显著提高(P<0.05)。结果表明,随着日粮NFC/NDF比的提高,使瘤胃逐渐处于酸性环境,改变了瘤胃发酵模式;瘤胃pH值的下降主要源于瘤胃TVFA增多,而非乳酸;当日粮NFC/NDF比为2.58时,奶山羊发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒。  相似文献   

5.
试验旨在探讨日粮不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维比（NFC/NDF）对奶山羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选择6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊作为试验动物,采用自身对照试验法,共分为4组（分4期进行）,每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比分别为1.02（Ⅰ期）、1.24（Ⅱ期）、1.63（Ⅲ期）、2.58（Ⅳ期）的4种日粮。结果表明,随着日粮NFC/NDF比的提高瘤胃pH值降低,瘤胃pH值下降速率和下降幅度及pH值低于5.2、5.5、5.8、6.0的持续时间随之加快、延长;瘤胃丙酸、丁酸及总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）含量随日粮NFC/NDF比提高呈增加趋势,而乙酸含量及乙酸/丙酸则呈降低趋势;血浆乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及TVFA均呈增加趋势。当日粮NFC/NDF比达2.58时,瘤胃pH值在5.2～5.5之间持续时间每日达7h以上,此时瘤胃乳酸含量较低,血浆及瘤胃TVFA含量显著提高（P〈0.05）。结果表明,随着日粮NFC/NDF比的提高,使瘤胃逐渐处于酸性环境,改变了瘤胃发酵模式;瘤胃pH值的下降主要源于瘤胃TVFA增多,而非乳酸;当日粮NFC/NDF比为2.58时,奶山羊发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒。  相似文献   

6.
本试验旨在探讨日粮不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF)对奶山羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响.选择6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊作为试验动物,采用自身对照试验法,共分为4组(分4期进行).每期10 d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比分别为1.02(I期)、1.24(Ⅱ期)、1.63(Ⅲ期)、2.58(Ⅳ期)的4种日粮.结果表明,随着日粮NFC/NDF比提高瘤胃pH降低,瘤胃pH下降速率和下降幅度及pH低于5.2、5.5、5.8、6.0的持续时间随之加快、延长;瘤胃丙酸、丁酸及总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量随日粮NFC/NDF比提高呈增加趋势,而乙酸含量及乙酸/丙酸则呈降低趋势;血浆乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及TVFA均呈增加趋势.当日粮NFC/NDF比达2.58时,瘤胃pH在5.2～5.5之间持续时间每日达7 h以上,此时瘤胃乳酸含量较低,血浆及瘤胃TVFA含量显著提高(P<0.05).这表明,随着日粮NFC/NDF比的提高,使瘤胃逐渐处于酸性环境,改变了瘤胃发酵模式;瘤胃pH的下降主要源于瘤胃TVFA增多,而非乳酸;当日粮NFC/NDF比为2.58时,奶山羊发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒.  相似文献   

7.
试验采用动态pH值连续监测记录系统对瘤胃pH值进行24h连续监测,旨在研究不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维比（NFC/NDF比）日粮对奶山羊瘤胃pH值昼夜动态变化的影响。选用6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊作为试验动物,采用自身对照试验设计,分为4期,每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比分别为1.02（Ⅰ期）、...  相似文献   

8.
试验研究了在不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维(NFC/NDF)比饲粮条件下诱发奶山羊亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(subacute rumen acidosis,SARA)过程中瘤胃微生物区系和瘤胃pH值的变化.该试验选用6只安装了永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳期关中奶山羊为试验动物,采用自身对照试验法,共分4期进行,每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比为1.02(Ⅰ期)、1.24(Ⅱ期)、1.63(Ⅲ期)、2.58(Ⅳ期)的4种饲粮,以逐渐增加饲粮精料的方法诱导奶山羊发生SARA.结果表明,随着饲粮NFC/NDF比的增大,瘤胃pH值显著降低(P＜0.05),并且瘤胃pH值下降幅度也随之加快；随着饲粮NFC/NDF比的增加,淀粉分解菌的数量增幅最显著(P＜0.01)；饲粮NFC/NDF比为1.63时,瘤胃细菌总数、乳酸杆菌及坏死梭形杆菌的数量显著增加(P＜0.05),当该比值为2.58时,埃氏巨型球菌和反刍兽新月单胞菌的数量出现显著增多(P＜0.05)；原虫数量在Ⅳ期降至最低,而牛链球菌的数量在整个试验期并未出现明显的波动.饲粮NFC/NDF比为1.63时,瘤胃内与碳水化合物分解有关的多数细菌的数量明显增加,SARA期时增幅更为明显,而此时原虫数量为最低.  相似文献   

9.
试验研究了在不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维(NFC/NDF)比饲粮条件下诱发奶山羊亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(subacute rumen acidosis,SARA)过程中瘤胃微生物区系和瘤胃pH值的变化。该试验选用6只安装了永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳期关中奶山羊为试验动物,采用自身对照试验法,共分4期进行,每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比为1.02(Ⅰ期)、1.24(Ⅱ期)、1.63(Ⅲ期)、2.58(Ⅳ期)的4种饲粮,以逐渐增加饲粮精料的方法诱导奶山羊发生SARA。结果表明,随着饲粮NFC/NDF比的增大,瘤胃pH值显著降低(P<0.05),并且瘤胃pH值下降幅度也随之加快;随着饲粮NFC/NDF比的增加,淀粉分解菌的数量增幅最显著(P<0.01);饲粮NFC/NDF比为1.63时,瘤胃细菌总数、乳酸杆菌及坏死梭形杆菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05),当该比值为2.58时,埃氏巨型球菌和反刍兽新月单胞菌的数量出现显著增多(P<0.05);原虫数量在Ⅳ期降至最低,而牛链球菌的数量在整个试验期并未出现明显的波动。饲粮NFC/NDF比为1.63时,瘤胃内与碳水化合物分解有关的多数细菌的数量明显增加,SARA期时增幅更为明显,而此时原虫数量为最低。  相似文献   

10.
旨在观察不同NFC/NDF比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃细菌及瘤胃和血浆中内毒素及组胺含量的影响。选用6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳期关中奶山羊为试验动物,试验分四期进行,每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比分别为1.02(Ⅰ期)、1.24(Ⅱ期)、1.63(Ⅲ期)、2.58(Ⅳ期)的4种日粮,以逐渐增加日粮精料的方式诱导奶山羊发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)。分别利用pH动态监测记录系统和滚管培养法测定瘤胃pH、瘤胃细菌总数、淀粉分解菌及坏死梭形杆菌的浓度;以鲎试验试剂法和荧光分光光度法测定内毒素和组胺含量。结果表明:随着日粮NFC/NDF比的增大,瘤胃pH显著降低(P0.05),并且瘤胃pH下降速率和下降幅度也随之加快;日粮NFC/NDF比为2.58时,瘤胃内组胺和内毒素的浓度明显增加(P0.05),坏死梭形杆菌和淀粉分解菌的数量也显著升高(P0.01)。内毒素、组胺和坏死梭形杆菌三者浓度的异常增加对SARA发生和发展起重要作用。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

16.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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