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1.
将１日龄健康雌性粤黄鸡１２０只随机均分为４且，１组饲喂基础日粮，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加２％淫羊藿粗提物，２％补骨脂粗提物、１％淫羊藿粗物＋１％补骨脂粗提物。在１４日时给每只鸡拉种１次鸡新城疫１系疫苗。试验期（８周），与组比较，Ⅱ、Ⅳ组胸腺指数显著减小，脾脏指数显著增大，Ⅳ组组的法氏囊指数也显著增大；外周血液中Ｔ淋巴是分率以Ⅱ、Ⅳ组升高极显著，Ⅲ组升高显著；血清中ＮＤＶ抗体滴度Ⅱ、Ⅳ组升高 相似文献
2.
补益中药提取物对雏鸡免疫功能的影响 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
本文观察了在饲喂基础日粮中分别添加０（１）、２％何首乌（Ⅱ）、２％补骨脂（Ⅲ）、１％何首乌＋１％补骨脂（Ⅳ）提取物对雏鸡免疫功能的影响。在１４日龄时给每羽鸡接种一次鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）１系疫苗。试验期８周。结果发现：在试验期末，与Ｉ组比较，法氏囊指数和脾脏指数Ⅱ、Ⅳ组显著增大（Ｐ〈０．０５）；胸腺指数Ⅱ组增大、Ⅲ组减小，但差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）；血液中Ｔ淋巴细胞百分率Ⅱ、Ⅳ组升高极显著（Ｐ〈０．０ 相似文献
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本文旨在研究饲粮蛋白质水平对冬毛期水貂胃肠道消化酶活性以及空肠形态结构的影响。选择 ９０日龄的健康公貂 ６０只,随机分成 ６组（每组 １０个重复,每个重复 １只）,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为 ２８％（Ⅰ组）、３０％（Ⅱ组）、３２％（Ⅲ组）、３４％（Ⅳ组）、３６％（Ⅴ组）和 ３８％（Ⅵ组）的试验饲粮。预试期 ７ｄ,正试期 １１５ｄ。饲养试验结束后进行屠宰,制备胃肠道内容物上清液,用于测定消化酶活性;制备空肠组织切片,用于观察空肠的形态结构。结果表明：Ⅴ组水貂的胃蛋白酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,与Ⅳ和Ⅵ组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ⅳ组水貂的十二指肠和空肠胰淀粉酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ⅳ和Ⅴ组水貂的回肠胰淀粉酶活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ⅳ组水貂的十二指肠胰蛋白酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,空肠胰蛋白酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ⅲ组水貂的回肠胰蛋白酶活性显著高于Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,与其他各组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ⅵ组水貂的十二指肠胰脂肪酶活性显著或极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）,空肠胰脂肪酶活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组水貂的回肠胰脂肪酶活性极显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,与Ⅳ组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。饲粮蛋白质水平为 ３６％时,水貂空肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值、黏膜厚度以及肠壁厚度均处在较高水平。由此得出,饲粮蛋白质水平可影响冬毛期水貂胃肠道消化酶活性,并可调节其空肠形态结构。 相似文献
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5.
本试验旨在研究基础饲粮中添加不同水平的有机螯合锰对准配期雌性水貂营养物质消化代谢的影响。选取 １５０只平均体重为（１００５±１１３）ｇ的健康成年雌性水貂，根据随机区组法分成 ５组，每组设 ３０个重复，每个重复 １只水貂。各组锰添加水平分别为 ０（Ⅰ组）、１５（Ⅱ组）、５０（Ⅲ组）、１００（Ⅳ组）和 ５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ（Ⅴ组），锰以有机螯合锰形式添加。试验预试期 １２ｄ，正试期 ３ｄ。结果表明：１）Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组干物质采食量极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅴ组（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅴ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；各组干物质表观消化率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但以Ⅳ组最高，Ⅴ组最低。２）粗蛋白质存留质量以Ⅴ组最少，与其他各组之间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），以Ⅳ组最高；粗蛋白质表观消化率各组之间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），以Ⅳ组最高。３）粗脂肪表观消化率各组之间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），随锰添加水平升高呈现先增加后降低的趋势。综上所述，在本试验条件下，准配期雌性水貂锰的适宜添加水平为 １００ｍｇ／ｋｇ。 相似文献
6.
生长期牦牛蛋白质需要量的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
将１８头１．５岁生长牦牛分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三组，分别饲喂含ＣＰ６．７１％，１０．１４％，１３．４３％的日粮，用比较屠宰试验、消化代谢试验和饲养试验相结合的方法研究其氮代谢。结果表明：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日增重分别为５４．０６ｇ，１９３．６７ｇ，２４７．４７ｇ，其中Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；相应的尿氮（ＵＮ）排出（ｇ／ｄ·Ｗ￣（０．０５２））分别为０．５６２，１．２９１，１．７６２，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ与Ⅰ差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅱ与Ⅲ差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在氮沉积（ＮＲ）、采食氮利用效率方面，三组均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。生长牦牛的维持需要量ＲＤＣＰｍ＝６．０９３Ｗ￣（０．５２），增重需要量ＲＤＣＰｇ＝（１．１５４８／△Ｗ＋０．０５０９／Ｗ￣（０．５２））￣（－１）。得出的三个回归方程均呈强直线相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）：１．ＵＮ与进食氮（ＮＩ）的回归方程ＵＮ（ｇ／ｄ）＝－０．１１Ｗ￣（０．５２）＋０．４７３２ＮＩ（ｎ＝９，ｒ＝０．９２８）２．粪氮（ＦＮ）与干物质进食量（ＤＭＩ）及ＮＩ的回归方程ＦＮ（ｇ／ｄ）＝－０．７５１０（１＋０．８ 相似文献
7.
蛋鸡饲料中添加蒲公英粉的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文研究了炎热夏季，在饲料中添加蒲公英对鸡产蛋性能的影响及效益分析，结果表明饲料中添加２％蒲公英粉（Ⅱ组）可级显著提高产蛋率（Ｐ＜０．０１），蛋重有增加趋势，但着异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；添加４％蒲公英粉（Ⅲ组）的产蛋率显著高于Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０５），但平均日耗料量极显著高于Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０１），显著高于Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在３５d的试验中，Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组多盈利８０．３４元，Ⅲ组较Ⅰ组多盈利３２元。 相似文献
8.
水牛慢性氟中毒X线诊断的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验将７０头水牛分为Ⅰ组（３２头来源于氟值水平正常地区的水牛）、Ⅱ组（１４头来源于氟污染地区但未见有临诊症状的水牛）和Ⅲ组（２４头来源于污染地区且有临诊症状的水牛），并对所有水牛进行了骨矿物质含量和１７项生化指标的检测。骨矿物质含量在Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组间、Ⅰ组与Ⅱ＋Ⅲ组间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），Ⅱ组Ⅲ组水牛骨Ｘ线变化可归为中度氟骨症。Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组间血清ＡＣＰ、Ｔ－Ｐ、ＡＬＢ、Ｃａ＋＋、Ｍｇ＋＋、Ｋ＋、ＨＰＯ４２－、Ｆ－和尿Ｆ－的差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清ＨＹＰ的差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组间血清ＡＣＰ、Ｔ－Ｐ、ＡＬＢ、ＨＹＰ、Ｃａ＋＋、Ｍｇ＋＋、Ｋ＋、ＨＰＯ４２－、Ｆ－及尿Ｆ－差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清ＬＤＨ差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ⅰ组与Ⅱ＋Ⅲ组间血清ＡＣＰ、Ｔ－Ｐ、ＡＬＢ、ＨＹＰ、Ｃａ＋＋、Ｍｇ＋＋、Ｋ＋、ＨＰＯ４２－、Ｆ－及尿Ｆ－差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ⅱ组Ⅲ组间所有生化指标均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ｘ线检查和生化指标的测定具有一致性。 相似文献
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10.
几丁聚糖防治奶牛隐性乳腺炎试验 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
用ＳＭＴ检验法对南京钟山奶牛场１４０头成母牛进行隐性乳腺炎检测。选择阳性母牛４０头作为供试牛，共分成４组，每组均１０头，进行为期１周试验，然后用ｔ检验对各组试验前后进行比较。结果表明：Ⅰ组（试验组），即饲喂几丁聚糖１５ｇ／头日，差异极显著（Ｐ＜００１）；Ⅱ组（乳头药浴），差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）；Ⅲ组（肌注左旋咪唑），差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）；Ⅳ组（空白），差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。 相似文献
11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
13.
Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
14.
Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
15.
B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
16.
Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
17.
Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
18.
Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
20.
Bazin H 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2003,26(5-6):293-308
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing. 相似文献