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1.
本试验利用无磷原料配制无磷饲粮,选择低磷原料配制基础饲粮,用一定比例待测植物性饲料替代基础饲粮配制待测饲粮,通过平衡试验法测定了35日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡对玉米、豆粕、麦麸3种饲料原料的总磷真利用率。结果表明:在控制饲粮含磷量低于肉仔鸡的磷需要量,研究饲料磷的最大利用率时,肉仔鸡的内源磷排出量为(44.84±3.14)mg/d。玉米、豆粕和麦麸的总磷真利用率分别为(16.42±3.36)%、(28.34±4.90)%和(46.48±4.29)%。利用总磷含量的1/3和非植酸磷含量估计肉鸡饲料有效磷并不准确。因麦麸本身含有高活性的植酸酶,肉仔鸡可部分利用其植酸磷。 相似文献
2.
生长猪植物性饲料中可消化磷的评定 总被引：14，自引：6，他引：8
采用4×4拉丁方设计 ,用玉米淀粉—豆粕作为基础饲粮 ,运用替代基础饲粮的方法测定了生长猪对一些植物性饲料中磷的消化吸收情况 ,并分析了饲料的总磷、植酸磷含量和饲料植酸酶(E.C.3.1.3.26)活性的高低与饲料表观可消化磷的关系。试验结果表明 ,生长猪对以下几种饲料磷的表观消化率如下 :次粉 ,(54.43±3.41) % ;麦麸 ,(50.67±3.96) % ;小麦 ,(49.11±3.37) % ;大麦 ,(42.06±2.12) % ;豆粕 ,(30.83±3.66) % ;玉米 ,(18.99±4.11) % ;细米糠 ,(14.22±2.00) % ;统糠 ,(10.60±3.28) %。试验结果的分析表明 :饲料的总磷含量(X,g/kgDM)、植酸磷含量(Y,g/kgDM)、饲料天然植酸酶活性(Z,PU/g DM)对饲料的表观可消化磷含量(ADP ,g/kgDM)的影响极显著(P<0.01) ,并有极显著的回归关系 :ADP= -0.4155+0.7972X -0.7802Y +0.0013Z(R2=0.9767,P=0.001)。 相似文献
3.
试验旨在研究不同非植酸磷水平的饲粮对0-4周龄怀乡鸡的趾骨特性及内脏器官发育状况的影响,以此探讨0-4周龄怀乡鸡饲粮非植酸磷的适宜水平。选取同批出生、体况良好的1日龄怀乡鸡300只,随机分成5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每重复10只鸡。各处理组分别饲喂非植酸磷含量为0.32%、0.39%、0.46%、0.53%、0.60%的玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验持续期28天。结果表明:1)饲粮非植酸磷水平对怀乡鸡的趾骨脱脂风干重、趾骨脱脂钙含量、趾骨灰分钙含量、趾骨脱脂磷含量、趾骨灰分磷含量有显著影响(P<0.05),其最佳拟合曲线分别为二次曲线(R2=80.22%)、线性折线(R^2=69.19%)、线性折线(R^2=69.78%)、线性折线(R^2=68.70%)、线性折线(R^2=69.02%),拟合结果可用于评价怀乡鸡饲粮非植酸磷的适宜水平。2)饲粮非植酸磷水平对怀乡鸡的心脏指数有显著影响(P<0.05),其线性折线(R^2=57.59%)模型的拟合结果可用于评价怀乡鸡饲粮非植酸磷的适宜水平。建议0~4周龄怀乡鸡饲粮中NPP的适宜水平在0.46%~0.50%范围,满足骨骼发育的需要量为0.46%。 相似文献
4.
饲用复合酶对蛋用种鸡日粮磷的利用和生产性能的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验旨在研究低磷日粮添加复合酶制剂对蛋用种鸡磷的利用和生产性能的影响。选用972只24周龄罗曼褐父母代种鸡,分为3个处理,每处理6个重复,每重复54只种鸡。采用玉米-豆粕-杂粕型基础饲粮,正对照组含总磷0.55%,非植酸磷0.40%,不加酶;负对照组含总磷0.40%,非植酸磷0.21%,不加酶;试验组含总磷0.40%,非植酸磷0.21%,加酶制剂。试验期18周。结果表明:在低非植酸磷的日粮中添加复合酶,粪便中磷含量极显著低于正对照组(P<0.01);粪便中粗蛋白质含量显著低于正对照组和负对照组(P<0.05);显著改善蛋黃顔色(P<0.05);不影响生产性能、骨骼发育和蛋壳质量。添加200 g/t复合酶替代罗曼褐蛋用种鸡日粮中75%的磷酸氢钙能够降低饲料成本,提高养殖企业的经济效益,对罗曼褐蛋用种鸡生产性能无不利影响。 相似文献
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7.
二十四头长白猪(70日龄),随机分为四组,饲喂在玉米淀粉—豆饼为主的基础饲粮中添加不同量植酸钠组成植酸磷水平分别为0.065%、0.15%、0.25%、0.35%(占总磷水平分别为13%、30%、50%、70%)的4种饲粮,试验期为五周,研究植酸磷对体内矿物质代谢的影响。结果表明:饲粮中植酸磷影响钙、锌、铜等元素的吸收利用,且这些元素的利用率与饲粮中植酸磷含量呈显著负相关,从而也影响了钙、磷、锌等元素在骨中沉积。饲粮中植酸磷水平达到0.35%时,钙、铜、锌、磷的吸收利用及其在骨中沉积量显著高于其它三个组,而这三组间则无显著差异,但表现出随饲粮中植酸磷水平升高,钙、铜、锌吸收利用及其在骨中沉积量呈下降趋势。 相似文献
8.
微生物植酸酶与1～21日龄肉鸡饲粮无机磷当量模型研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
本试验研究饲粮非植酸磷（NPP）和植酸酶添加水平对1～21日龄肉鸡生长性能、养分利用、血液指标及胫骨发育的影响,确定微生物植酸酶与无机磷当量关系。试验设计10个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复10只鸡。前4种饲粮NPP水平为2.1、2.9、3.7和4.5 g/kg;后6种饲粮在基础饲粮（NPP 2.1 g/kg,总磷（tP）4.5 g/kg）中添加植酸酶250、500、1 000、2 000、4 000和8 000 U/kg。结果显示：（1）随饲粮NPP水平升高,肉鸡体增重、采食量、饲料转化率、血浆无机磷浓度、胫骨长度、强度、灰分含量与重量、胫骨磷含量以及粗蛋白质、tP和Ca利用率呈二次曲线升高,而死亡率、血浆Ca含量及碱性磷酸酶活性呈二次曲线降低;（2）随植酸酶水平升高,肉鸡生长性能、血浆和胫骨指标、养分利用率呈现与NPP水平增加类似的趋势;（3）当植酸酶水平达到8 000 U/kg时,肉鸡生长性能、血浆和胫骨指标以及粗蛋白质利用率达到对照组（NPP 4.5 g/kg）水平,总磷利用率提高到85%,植酸磷释放率达到94.84%;（4）以胫骨灰分重量为指标,饲粮中无机磷释放量（y,g/kg）与微生物植酸酶添加水平（x,U/kg）之间的关系模型为y = 0.425 4 × log2（1 ＋ x/250） ＋ 0.283 （n=7,R^2 = 0.915 3,P=0.000 7）。结果表明,高水平植酸酶可降解肉鸡饲粮中几乎全部植酸磷,植酸酶添加水平与无机磷当量模型可为确定配方中磷水平提供参考。 相似文献
9.
饲粮非植酸磷水平对高峰期蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质和胫骨指标的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验旨在研究饲粮非植酸磷水平对高峰期蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质和胫骨指标的影响。选取即将达到产蛋高峰期的山麻鸭900只,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复25只。各组非植酸磷水平分别为0.20%、0.25%、0.30%、0.35%、0.40%、0.45%,试验期11个月。结果表明:1)饲粮非植酸磷水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能和蛋品质均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮非植酸磷水平对蛋鸭的胫骨重、胫骨长度和折断力无显著影响(P0.05)。骨密度和骨矿盐含量随饲粮非植酸磷水平升高呈现先上升后降低的变化趋势,0.35%组和0.40%组的胫骨密度显著高于0.20%组和0.25%组(P0.05),当饲粮非植酸磷水平升至0.35%以上时,骨矿盐含量显著高于0.20%组(P0.05)。3)饲粮非植酸磷水平对胫骨灰分中钙和磷含量、血清中钙和磷含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,由于饲粮非植酸磷水平对产蛋性能和蛋品质无显著影响,以骨密度和骨矿盐含量作为参考指标,通过回归方程得出蛋鸭适宜的饲粮非植酸磷水平为0.33%~0.38%。在实际生产中,若只考虑生产性能,建议采用0.20%饲粮非植酸磷水平,可节约饲料成本。 相似文献
10.
《中国畜牧杂志》2020,(4)
本试验旨在研究饲粮非植酸磷水平对产蛋高峰期临武鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质和血清生化指标的影响,以确定其非植酸磷需要量。试验选用遗传背景一致、产蛋率为80%的250只临武鸭,随机分成5个组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只。各组分别饲喂非植酸磷水平为0.20%、0.25%、0.30%、0.35%和0.40%的饲粮,试验全期63 d。结果表明:与0.20%非植酸磷组相比,其他4组合格蛋率分别提高了1.37%(P0.05)、2.15%(P0.05)、2.05%(P0.05)和1.24%(P0.05);0.30%、0.35%和0.40%非植酸磷组的蛋壳厚度高于0.20%和0.25%非植酸磷组(P0.05);随着饲粮非植酸磷水平增加,蛋壳强度呈上升趋势(P0.05);饲粮中非植酸磷水平对血清钙含量无显著影响;0.20%和0.25%非植酸磷组血清中碱性磷酸酶活性高于0.30%、0.35%和0.40%非植酸磷组(P0.05);0.30%、0.35%和0.40%非植酸磷组血清中磷含量高于0.20%非植酸磷组(P0.05)。由此可见,日粮中适宜非植酸磷水平可以提高合格蛋率,保持机体钙、磷代谢平衡,在饲粮钙水平为3.46%条件下,30～38周龄笼养蛋鸭适宜的非植酸磷水平为0.30%～0.35%。 相似文献
11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
13.
Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
14.
Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
15.
B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
16.
Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
17.
Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
18.
Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
20.
Bazin H 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2003,26(5-6):293-308
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing. 相似文献