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为了筛选出效果较好的外排泵抑制剂，对化脓隐秘杆菌进行了耐药基因检测、药敏试验、联合药敏试验和尼罗红外排试验。结果显示，cfr、cmlA、floR、fexA、catI、catB基因的检出率分别为9.8%、39.22%、41.18%、11.76%、13.73%和31.37%,未检出optrA、poxtA、fexB、pexA基因；槲皮素、木犀草素、黄芩苷、川陈皮素、芹菜素等5种黄酮类化合物对化脓隐秘杆菌均具有良好的抗菌效果；其中木犀草素与3种酰胺醇类药物联用后均有相加作用，FICI=1;5种黄酮类化合物均可以抑制CmlA和FloR外排蛋白对尼罗红的外排，其中木犀草素的外排抑制能力最强。耐药消除试验发现，木犀草素可以不同程度的消减化脓隐秘杆菌对酰胺醇类药物的耐药性。结果表明，木犀草素可通过抑制CmlA和FloR的外排作用，逆转化脓隐秘杆菌对酰胺醇类药物的耐药性，为木犀草素作为天然外排泵抑制剂的临床开发利用奠定了基础。 相似文献
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《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2015,(11)
为了测定不同中草药对化脓隐秘杆菌分离株的药敏试验及神经氨酸酶活性的影响,试验采用煎煮法提取连翘、金银花、穿心莲、蒲公英、苍术、红花、黄连、虎杖、黄芩、蛇莓、乌梅、大青叶、杜仲、大黄和贯众等15种中草药的有效成分,测定其对化脓隐秘杆菌分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),同时以2’-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid(MUNANA)为底物测定不同中草药提取液在亚抑菌浓度下对化脓隐秘杆菌神经氨酸酶活性的影响。结果表明:连翘、蒲公英、黄连、黄芩、乌梅、大黄具有良好的抗化脓隐秘杆菌活性,其中黄连作用效果最好,对4株化脓隐秘杆菌的MIC值均为0.25 mg/mL;连翘、蒲公英、黄芩、乌梅和大黄对4株化脓隐秘杆菌的MIC值在1.95~31.25 mg/mL之间;对苯唑西林耐药的化脓隐秘杆菌分离株对上述6种中草药依然敏感;另外,红花和大黄两种中草药以亚抑菌浓度作用化脓隐秘杆菌后,其神经氨酸酶活性集中在30~50个荧光单位之间;连翘、黄连、乌梅和贯众等中草药作用化脓隐秘杆菌后,其神经氨酸酶活性集中在50~100个荧光单位之间。说明连翘、蒲公英、黄连、黄芩、乌梅、大黄对化脓隐秘杆菌分离株具有显著抑制作用。 相似文献
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《中国预防兽医学报》2020,(8)
为了解江苏某肉鸡屠宰场弯曲菌分离株耐药性及氨基糖苷类耐药基因簇aadE-sat4-aphA-3的分布特点,本研究采用药敏纸片法对肉鸡屠宰场117株弯曲菌分离株进行9大类26种抗生素的耐药性检测。结果显示,117株菌对链霉素和卡那霉素耐药的菌株占93.2%(109/117),对头孢氨苄耐药菌株占96.6%(113/117),对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药菌株占比均大于89.7%(105/117),对碳青霉烯类及氯霉素类药物较为敏感,且94%(110/117)的菌株表现出多重耐药性。采用PCR方法检测氨基糖苷类耐药基因簇aadE-sat4-aphA-3的分布情况。结果显示,有90株弯曲菌(空肠弯曲菌17、结肠弯曲菌73)检出了aadE-sat4-aphA-3耐药基因簇。进一步采用琼脂稀释法测定了其中20株aadEsat4-aphA-3阳性菌对氨基糖苷类5种药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果显示,20株aadE-sat4-aphA-3基因簇阳性弯曲菌中共有12株对庆大霉素耐药,MIC值最高为256μg/mL,共有11株对受试的5种氨基糖苷类药物均耐药,且大部分菌株对阿米卡星、妥布霉素的MIC值≥256μg/mL。表明aadE-sat4-aphA-3基因簇阳性弯曲菌对氨基糖苷类药物有较强的耐药性。综上所述,江苏某肉鸡屠宰场弯曲菌对氟喹诺酮类及氨基糖苷类部分药物耐药性较高且多重耐药现象严重,空肠弯曲菌与结肠弯曲菌中均有aadE-sat4-aphA-3耐药基因簇分布,且部分该耐药基因簇阳性菌株对氨基糖苷类药物耐药性较强。本研究为畜禽养殖临床用药指导提供了参考依据,并为弯曲菌氨基糖苷类药物耐药机理的进一步研究奠定基础。 相似文献
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为分离致病性牛源化脓隐秘杆菌并探究黔中金荞麦对该菌的体外抑制作用,本试验对采集于贵州省凯里市某养殖场疑似患牛呼吸道综合征的病死牛肺组织进行细菌分离、形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、分子生物学鉴定、药敏试验和致病性试验,并运用打孔法探究黔中金荞麦提取物对分离菌株的体外抑制效果。结果显示,分离菌株为革兰阳性短棒状杆菌,结合生理生化和PCR鉴定结果,确定该菌为化脓隐秘杆菌,系统进化树分析也显示,分离菌株与化脓隐秘杆菌的模式菌株处于同一分支;该分离菌株可致10只小鼠于24 h内全部死亡;其对头孢他啶、利福平、青霉素等7种抗菌药敏感,对环丙沙星中介,对克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素等8种抗菌药耐药;黔中金荞麦不同组织部位、不同处理方法的提取物对该分离菌株均具有一定抑制效果,其中地下部分70%乙醇超声30 min提取物的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径为(28.13±0.25) mm,与头孢喹肟的抑菌效果相当。本试验首次从贵州地区分离到致病性牛源化脓隐秘杆菌,黔中金荞麦对该菌具有良好的体外抑制效果。本试验结果可为该肉牛养殖场疫病防控以及牛化脓隐秘杆菌感染的治疗和预防提供参考依据。 相似文献
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采用6种常用抗菌药物对临床分离的38株猪链球菌2型进行敏感性检测,从中选择3株对红霉素和环丙沙星敏感的菌株,采用体外递增药物浓度的方法分别诱导成对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药的菌株,按临床检验标准委员会(CLSI)推荐的方法测定了红霉素和环丙沙星对同一亲本的敏感株和诱导耐药株的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并测定在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下敏感株和诱导耐药株的MIC变化情况。微量稀释法测定的MIC结果显示:在所选的6种抗生素中,氟苯尼考和氨苄西林对临床分离的38株猪链球菌的作用最好,抑菌率都为100%,红霉素及环丙沙星有一定作用,耐药率分别达39.5%(15/38)和28.9%(11/38),而磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、四环素的抑菌效果最差,耐药率达100%。浓度递增法成功诱导了猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药性,其MIC值分别由0.001 8 mg/L上升至128 mg/L。在外排泵抑制剂利血平存在的情况下,抗菌药物对部分猪链球菌2型菌株的MIC值下降。结果提示:逐步增加药物浓度可以诱导猪链球菌2型菌株对红霉素和环丙沙星的耐药性,而且猪链球菌2型菌株耐药性的产生可能与耐药性相关的主动外排机制有关。 相似文献
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《中国兽医杂志》2015,(3)
为了研究3种β-内酰胺类抗生素对化脓隐秘杆菌分离株的体外抗菌活性及抗生素后效应,采用试管液体二倍稀释法测定抗菌药物对化脓隐秘杆菌的体外抗菌活性,采用平板菌落计数法绘制3种β-内酰胺类抗生素对化脓隐秘杆菌分离株的时间-杀菌曲线。结果青霉素、头孢氨苄和头孢噻呋对化脓隐秘杆菌分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.5、2μg/m L和1μg/m,最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为4、16μg/m L和16μg/m L;头孢噻呋对化脓隐秘杆菌的杀菌速率最快,青霉素次之;头孢噻呋对化脓隐秘杆菌分离株的抗生素后效应(PAE)较强(3.76 h),青霉素对化脓隐秘杆菌分离株的PAE较弱(2.31 h)。 相似文献
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从西藏不同地区规模化养殖场和兽防站(局)采集的疑似呼吸系统疾病症状的病死牦牛肺组织样品220份,通过细菌培养特性、染色镜检、微生物鉴定系统分离出44株巴氏杆菌。采用微量肉汤稀释法,测定了氟喹诺酮类6种抗菌药物和黏菌素药物对44株细菌的抗菌活性。采用PCR技术,进行氟喹诺酮类耐药基因的检测。结果表明,氟喹诺酮类6个药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)范围多在0.125~128μg/mL之间,黏菌素药物的MIC范围为0.016~8μg/mL。环丙沙星和加替沙星对临床分离的巴氏杆菌的耐药率分别为52.27%和54.55%,黏菌素对巴氏杆菌的耐药率为4.55%,粘菌素对大多数巴氏杆菌菌株的MIC值2μg/mL。PCR结果显示,氟喹诺酮类qnrA、qnrB、qnrS、aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因的阳性检出率分别为29.55%、18.18%、22.73%和18.18%,但qnrC、qnrD、qepA基因未检出。研究结果提示,大多数菌株对氟喹诺酮类药物存在交叉耐药现象,故临床应加强耐药性及耐药基因的检测。 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究不同中药与盐酸恩诺沙星联用对大肠杆菌耐药菌株的体外抑菌作用。采用微量肉汤法测定临床上一种常用药物盐酸恩诺沙星和不同中药对大肠杆菌耐药菌株及其联合使用的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)。结果发现,单味中药水提物中侧柏叶、金樱子和五味子的抑菌效果较好,其MIC值分别为3.91、3.91和7.81 mg/mL;单味中药的醇提物中,侧柏叶、马齿苋抑菌效果较好,其MIC值分别为7.81和3.91 mg/mL。盐酸恩诺沙星分别与五味子和金樱子水提物联合作用后,对大肠杆菌耐药菌株的MIC值分别降低到0.0078和0.0039 mg/mL;与马齿苋、赤芍、侧柏叶和金樱子的醇提物联合后,对大肠杆菌耐药菌株MIC值均明显降低。盐酸恩诺沙星分别与鱼腥草水提物、赤芍水提物、椿皮水提物、马齿苋醇提物、苍术醇提物、三颗针醇提物、赤芍醇提物、薤白醇提物、拳参醇提物、侧柏叶醇提物、金樱子醇提物和败酱草醇提物联合作用后,对大肠耐药菌株呈现相加或协同抑菌作用,其FIC值分别为0.75、0.62、0.62、0.27、0.75、0.75、0.31、0.62、0.50、0.53、0.28和0.62。初步认为不同中药中含有能有效降低大肠杆菌耐药性的中药,也含有与盐酸恩诺沙星组合,具有协同或相加作用的中药,为寻找有效防治大肠杆菌病的药物组合来对抗多重耐药菌提供了可能。 相似文献
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试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
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Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
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Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
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Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
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B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
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Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
17.
Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
18.
Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
20.
Bazin H 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2003,26(5-6):293-308
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing. 相似文献