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1.
O Barta 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1981,4(2):131-160
Laboratory tests currently used or easily applicable in veterinary clinical immunology were reviewed in the following three categories: (1) tests detecting disorders in humoral immune response: serum protein screening tests, gammaglobulin estimation and complement testing; (2) tests detecting disorders in cellular immune response: phagocyte function tests and lymphocyte function tests; (3) tests detecting autoimmune disorders: detection of antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, autoimmune hemolytic diseases, and autoimmune organ and tissue disorders. The principles of the tests and the interpretations of the results are presented with the appropriate references. 相似文献
2.
Edwin L. COOPER 《Integrative zoology》2006,1(1):32-43
As a discipline, comparative immunology enhances zoology and has gained wide acceptance in the biological sciences. It is an offshoot of the parent field, immunology, and is an amalgam of immunology and zoology. All animals from protozoans to humans have solved the threat of extinction by having evolved an immune‐defense strategy that ensures the capacity to react against foreign, non‐self microorganisms and cancers that disturb the homeostatic self. Invertebrate‐type innate immune responses evolved first and they characterize the metazoans. These rapid natural responses act immediately and are often essential for the occurrence of slower, more specific, adaptive vertebrate‐type immune responses. As components of the innate immune system, there is an emphasis on several major steps in the evolutionary process: (i) recognition; (ii) the phagocytic cell; and (iii) the natural killer cell. When vertebrates evolved, beginning with fish, thymus‐controlled T cells first appeared, as did bone marrow‐derived B cells (first found in amphibians with long bones). These were the precursors of the plasma cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies. Confirming the concept of self/non‐self, invertebrates possess natural, non‐adaptive, innate, non‐clonal, non‐anticipatory immune responses, whereas vertebrates possess adaptive, acquired, clonal, and anticipatory responses. This symposium concerns: (i) aspects of the immune spectrum in representative groups; (ii) specific findings (in particular models; e.g. earthworms); (iii) clues as to the possible biomedical application of relevant molecules derived from animals, notably invertebrates; and (iv) some views on the more practical applications of understanding immune systems of invertebrates and ectotherms, and their possible role in survival. 相似文献
3.
Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是模式识别受体的主要类别,除表达于经典免疫细胞外,多种哺乳动物的卵巢和生殖道同样存在此类受体分子,其在卵巢活动中发挥着重要作用。TLRs在排卵过程中的生物学功能是生殖免疫学领域研究的主要内容之一。文章主要从TLRs在哺乳动物卵巢中的表达与分布、表达与功能的调节机制及在排卵过程中所发挥的作用及意义等方面进行了综述,并对其在排卵相关疾病中的可能作用进行了简要分析,以期为生殖免疫学相关领域研究提供参考。 相似文献
4.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is the main category of pattern recognition receptors.It is not only expressed in classical immune cells,but also expressed in the ovary and the genital tract of a variety of mammals.It plays an important role in ovarian activities.Biological functions of TLRs in the ovulation processes is the main research content in the field of reproductive immunology because that ovulation is a core event in ovarian activities and the key to determine the success or failure of reproductive.This review will concentrate on expression and distribution of TLRs in mammalian ovary,regulation mechanisms of TLRs expression and function,and the functions and significance of the ovulation process.Then we analyze briefly its possible functions in ovulation-related diseases.We want to provide a reference in research areas of reproductive immunology. 相似文献
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W J Burkholder W S Swecker 《Seminars in veterinary medicine and surgery (small animal)》1990,5(3):154-166
There is no doubt that nutrient deficiencies and excesses can influence immune responses. Despite advances in the development of therapeutic agents, a competent immune system is crucial for prevention and resolution of disease. Leukocytes are some of the most metabolically active cells in animals. We know that growing animals require nutrients to sustain growth and reach their full potential, whether that is size, strength, speed, or agility. We do not expect kittens to grow or greyhounds to run without provision of adequate nutrients. To expect the immune system to function in the face of nutrient deficiency neglects our knowledge of the physiological needs of metabolically active tissues. Immune responses may be modified through dietary manipulations. However, the clinician must answer the question "to what end or consequence will the response be changed?" No "golden" nutrient ensures an appropriate immune response in all conditions, just as no "golden" drug heals all diseases. Our knowledge of nutrient-immune system interactions is increasing. Yet, for all of the current knowledge of nutrient effects on immunity, the words of Dr R.K. Chandra hold sterling advice, "Moderation is a good dictum in biology and medicine, and it applies equally to nutritional immunology." 相似文献
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A Mayr 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1992,105(7):217-219
During pregnancy infections can entail disorders in many different ways. Damage through direct transmission of pathogens to the fetus occurs in the first place. The organisms are transmitted transovarially, diaplacentally, via endometrium, before or after implantation, via amnion or by the semen when ascending through the infectious environment. Embryo transfer is a new way of transmission. The respective infective microorganisms either directly colonize in the embryo with the well known consequences (fetotrope pathogens) or they colonize the placenta thus indirectly leading to damages to the embryo (placentotrope pathogens). During the process various overlappings are possible. A second large group of disorders in pregnancy is caused by effects of infections of the mother without pathogens being transmitted to the embryo or the placenta. These diseases are postinfectious allergies, immune complex diseases, damages through microbial toxins or mediators and various other forms of infectious processes found with the mother. The third group of disorders in pregnancy is the result of complications caused by vaccinations of the mother during or shortly before pregnancy: postvaccinal allergies, diseases through vaccinal germs and different other postvaccinal damages or stress because of vaccination. 相似文献
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An overview of recent developments in corneal immunobiology: potential relevance in the etiogenesis of corneal disease in the horse 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A. G. Matthews 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2008,11(S1):66-76
This paper overviews some recent developments in mammalian corneal immunobiology, and discusses how these may act as pointers towards understanding the immunology underlying some common corneal diseases in the horse, including infectious ulceration and presumptively immune-mediated non-ulcerative disease. Specifically, three aspects of corneal immunobiology are examined: the role of Toll-like receptors in surface immunity and in the etiogenesis of microbial ulceration, the relationship between conjunctiva associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and immunoprotection of the corneal surface, and the mechanisms determining corneal immune privilege (IP) and how down regulation of IP may be an important factor in the genesis of corneal immunoinflammatory disease. 相似文献
11.
Dogs are affected by spontaneously occurring neoplastic and inflammatory diseases which often share many similarities with pathological conditions in humans and are thus appreciated as important translational animal models. Dendritic cells (DCs) represent the most potent antigen presenting cell population. Besides their physiological function in the initiation of primary T cell responses and B cell immunity, a deregulation of DC function is involved in immune-mediated tissue damage, immunosuppression and transplantation complication in human and veterinary medicine. DCs represent a promising new target for cancer immunotherapy in dogs. However, the therapeutic use of canine DCs is restricted because of a lack of standardized isolation techniques and limited information about dog-specific properties of this cell type. This article reviews current protocols for the isolation and in vitro generation of canine monocyte- and bone marrow-derived DCs. DCs of dogs are characterized by unique morphological features, such as the presence of cytoplasmic projections and periodic microstructures. Canine DCs can be discriminated from other hematopoietic cells also based on phenotypic properties and their high T cell stimulatory capability in mixed leukocyte reactions. Furthermore, the classification of canine DC-derived neoplasms and the role of DCs in the pathogeneses of selected infectious, allergic and autoimmune diseases, which share similarities with human disorders, are discussed. Future research is needed to expand the existing knowledge about DC function in canine diseases as a prerequisite for the development of future therapies interfering with the immune response. 相似文献
12.
Julian RJ 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2005,169(3):31-369
In humans, metabolic complaints may be associated with a failure in one of the body hormone or enzyme systems, a storage disease related to lack of metabolism of secretory products because of the lack of production of a specific enzyme, or the breakdown or reduced activity of some metabolic function. Some of these disorders also occur in poultry, as do other important conditions such as those associated with increased metabolism, rapid growth or high egg production that result in the failure of a body system because of the increased work-load on an organ or system. These make up the largest group of poultry diseases classified as metabolic disorders and cause more economic loss than infectious agents. Poultry metabolic diseases occur primarily in two body systems: (1) cardiovascular ailments, which in broiler chickens and turkeys are responsible for a major portion of the flock mortality; (2) musculoskeletal disorders, which account for less mortality, but in broilers and turkeys slow down growth (thereby reducing profit), and cause lameness, which remains a major welfare concern. In addition, conditions such as osteoporosis and hypocalcaemia in table-egg chickens reduce egg production and can kill. 相似文献
13.
Lisa M. Bergeron Erin E. McCandless Steve Dunham Bill Dunkle Yaqi Zhu John Shelly Sandra Lightle Andrea Gonzales Graeme Bainbridge 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2014,157(1-2):31-41
To date, very little is known about the functional characteristics of the four published canine IgG subclasses. It is not clear how each subclass engages the immune system via complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or how long each antibody may last in serum. Such information is critical for understanding canine immunology and for the discovery of canine therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Through both in vitro and ex vivo experiments to evaluate canine Fc's for effector function, complement binding, FcRn binding, and ADCC, we are now able to categorize canine subclasses by function. The subclasses share functional properties with the four human IgG subclasses and are reported herein with their function-based human analog. Canine Fc fusions, canine chimeras, and caninized antibodies were characterized. Canine subclasses A and D appear effector-function negative while subclasses B and C bind canine Fc gamma receptors and are positive for ADCC. All canine subclasses bind the neonatal Fc receptor except subclass C. By understanding canine IgGs in this way, we can apply what is known of human immunology toward translational and veterinary medicine. Thus, this body of work lays the foundation for evaluating canine IgG subclasses for therapeutic antibody development and builds upon the fundamental scholarship of canine immunology. 相似文献
14.
Ellen Miller DVM MS ACVIM Diplomate 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1992,6(4):206-213
Immune-mediated diseases represent some of the most frustrating types of disorders that are diagnosed and treated in veterinary medicine. Drug-induced immunosuppression is an attempt to control the aberrant immune response against self antigens but the immunosuppression can result in sepsis or other unacceptable adverse effects. If the pathophysiology of immune-mediated and autoimmune disease is considered, the immune response can be divided into several components and attempts can be made to selectively deal with each component separately. The components of the immune response that can be manipulated by therapy include antibodies, effector cells, the mononuclear phagocytic system, and the peripheral manifestations of disease. This article reviews the therapy of immune-mediated and autoimmune diseases based on a pathophysiologic approach and discusses conventional as well as current therapies in the treatment of these devastating diseases. 相似文献
15.
Stacy E Andrew 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2008,38(2):269-90, vi
Although the normal cornea is devoid of vasculature and lymphatics, there are still several immune-mediated corneal conditions that can occur in dogs and cats. An overview of corneal immunology is presented. Diseases of dogs, including chronic superficial keratitis, superficial punctate keratitis, and canine adenovirus endotheliitis, as well as feline diseases, including eosinophilic keratitis and herpesvirus-related conditions, are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Marti E Horohov DW Antzak DF Lazary S Paul Lunn D 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2003,91(3-4):233-243
The horse has been human kind's most important partner throughout history. Similarly, in the field of immunology, many critical scientific advances have depended on the horse. Equine immunology today is an active and important field of study, with a focus on control of many common infectious diseases and immunopathologic conditions of broad comparative interest. In 2001 two major equine immunology workshops were held, in Santa Fe, USA, and in Hortobagy, Hungary, with major sponsorship from the Havemeyer Foundation. This report summarizes the scientific themes and foci of those meetings. 相似文献
17.
Bech-Nielsen GV Hansen CH Hufeldt MR Nielsen DS Aasted B Vogensen FK Midtvedt T Hansen AK 《Research in veterinary science》2012,92(3):501-508
Inflammatory diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans and mice are under the influence of the composition of the gut microbiota (GM). It was previously demonstrated that treating Lep(ob) mice with antibiotics improved glucose tolerance. However, wild type C57BL/6J mice may also exhibit plasma glucose intolerance reminiscent of human T2D. We hypothesized that antibiotic treatment in C57BL/6 mice would have an impact on glucose tolerance without affecting weight and gut immunology. When compared to mice treated with erythromycin or the controls, treatment for five weeks with ampicillin improved glucose tolerance without significantly affecting the weight or the number of gut mucosal regulatory T cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells or T helper cells type 1. 16S rRNA gene based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles clearly clustered according to treatment and showed that antibiotic treatment reduced GM diversity. It is concluded that antibiotic treatment changes glucose metabolism as well as the composition of the GM in C57BL/6 mice, and that this does not seem to be correlated to weight development in the mice. 相似文献
18.
New approaches in vaccine development 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Leclerc C 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2003,26(5-6):329-341
In the last century, vaccines have been one of the most powerful tools for preventing infectious diseases. Smallpox has been eradicated and other diseases such as poliomyelitis or measles have been reduced to very low levels in many regions of the world. However, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, the development of vaccines to prevent diseases for which no vaccine currently exists such as AIDS or malaria as well as the improvement of efficacy and safety of existing vaccines remains a high priority. Achieving such ambitious goals in a near future will certainly require a strong modification of the methods that have been used so far to identify vaccine candidates. In particular, modern vaccinology could strongly benefit of the latest developments of molecular biology and immunology. Here, we will discuss some potential applications of the increasing knowledge of pathogen genomes as well as the immune system for the discovery of new antigenic targets and the development of new strategies of vaccination. 相似文献
19.
猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）有多个免疫学和毒力上重要的抗原表位,这些表位为疫苗和诊断制剂的设计提供了理论依据。近年来PCV2弱毒疫苗、灭活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、活载体疫苗和DNA疫苗等多种疫苗已取得新的研究进展和实际应用,且PCV2疫苗在种猪和仔猪中的应用效果良好。此外,羧甲基新茯苓多糖、谷氨酸、精氨酸和硒等免疫增强剂及营养物质均有助于提高PCV2感染动物的机体免疫力。为更好地防控猪圆环病毒病,作者对PCV2疫苗相关研究进行综述。 相似文献
20.
The lung is a complex organ, and its physiology and immunology are regulated by various immune molecules and cells. Lung surfactant, a mixture of phospholipids and proteins produced by the bronchiolar and type II alveolar epithelial cells, is one such important player in lung physiology. Compared to knowledge about the biology of the surfactant in rodents and humans, only limited data are available on the surfactant in the horse. Although there are data linking levels of surfactant proteins with respiratory disease in the horse, there are no data on the cellular localization of surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D). A member of the tetraspanin family of proteins, CD9 is a cell-signaling and adhesion protein and its expression has been detected in both normal and cancer cells, including those in the lung. Because there are no immunolocalization data on SP-A, SP-D, and CD9 in the normal lungs of the horse, our objective was to conduct a light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study on normal lungs of the horse. The data showed SP-A and SP-D in bronchiolar epithelial and type II alveolar epithelial cells. These proteins were also localized in type I alveolar epithelial cells, pulmonary intravascular macrophages, and neutrophils, which is likely an outcome of endocytosis of the proteins by these cells. CD9 was present in the airway and vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelium, and blood cells, but not in the airway epithelium. These new data provide a baseline to further examine the expression and functions of SP-A, SP-D, and CD9 proteins in inflammation associated with respiratory diseases in the horse. 相似文献