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反刍动物甲烷的排放既造成饲料能量的浪费,也会加剧全球变暖作用。在反刍动物瘤胃中,产甲烷菌主要利用二氧化碳转化产生甲烷。产甲烷菌转化二氧化碳的最后一步反应需要甲基辅酶M还原酶参与,3-硝基酯-1-丙醇(3-nitrooxypropanol,3-NOP)是一种甲基辅酶M类似物,能与辅酶B结合,从而减少甲基辅酶M与辅酶B结合生成甲烷,因此3-NOP能有效地降低瘤胃甲烷的产生。本文旨在阐明3-NOP抑制反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产生的机制以及对反刍动物生产的影响。 相似文献
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包文君郑廷钫李倜宇秦炜赜 《饲料研究》2023,(16):1-7
试验旨在通过体外瘤胃发酵法研究高精料饲粮中添加不同剂量3-硝基酯-1-丙醇（3-NOP）对甲烷产量及甲烷菌区系的影响。采用完全随机区组设计，共设4组，对照组（C组）、低剂量组（LD组）、中剂量组（MD组）、高剂量组（HD组），分别向发酵底物中添加0、0.4、0.8、1.2 mg 3-NOP。体外发酵培养24 h。结果表明，与对照组相比，各3-NOP处理组瘤胃甲烷产量和每克可降解底物的甲烷产量均显著降低（P<0.05），但氢气产量和每克可降解底物的氢气产量显著增加（P<0.05）。HD组瘤胃干物质降解率显著低于其他组（P<0.05），每克可降解底物总产气量显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。与对照组和LD组相比，MD组瘤胃发酵Simspon指数显著降低（P<0.05）。各3-NOP处理组瘤胃甲烷球形菌属（Methanosphaera）的相对丰度显著低于对照组。研究表明，3-NOP通过对甲烷菌甲基辅酶M还原酶的特异性抑制作用，改变了瘤胃甲烷菌区系结构，降低了甲烷产量。 相似文献
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(一)尿素为什么可以用来喂牛根据反刍动物的消化特点,牛在瘤胃机能发育完善(3～4月龄,瘤胃内开始出现纤毛虫)后,牛瘤胃中的微生物能够利用饲料中的非蛋白质含氮化合物所提供的氮源合成蛋白质. 相似文献
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《动物营养学报》2020,(6)
本试验以细菌脲酶结构(PDB_ID 4EP8)为靶标,运用分子对接技术虚拟筛选ChemDiv化合物库,结合瘤胃脲酶活性抑制试验,筛选获得1个新型瘤胃脲酶抑制剂——N-(3,4-二甲氧基苄基)-2-{(4S)-1-[2-(1H-吲哚-3-基)乙基]-2,5-二氧杂咪唑啉-4-烃基}乙酰胺,其半抑制浓度(IC_(50))值为101.4μmol/L。瘤胃脲酶动力学试验表明,该化合物为混合性脲酶抑制剂。体外微生物厌氧培养试验表明,该化合物能抑制瘤胃微生物氨氮的生成。分子对接表明,该化合物能与脲酶活性中心内及活性中心外柔性片状区域的一些关键的氨基酸残基稳定结合。该化合物对瘤胃脲酶抑制效果较好,可以作为先导化合物进一步优化,为新型脲酶抑制剂的开发提供了基础。 相似文献
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1 天然的有毒有害物质
很多饲料中含有天然有毒有害物质，如生物碱、硫代葡萄糖苷、皂苷、棉酚、有毒蛋白、蛋白酶抑制剂、有毒硝基化合物等；还有些动物性饲料中含有组胺、抗硫胺素（鱼虾及贝类）、抗生素（生鸡蛋清）、肌胃糜烂素（劣质鱼粉）等。饲料中含有这些有毒有害物质，将影响畜禽的生长与健康。如棉籽饼粕中含有棉酚色素及其衍生物，其中游离棉酚毒性最大， 相似文献
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采用高效液相色谱/串联质谱(LC/MS/MS)法同时测定饲料中4种硝基呋喃类代谢产物3-氨基-2-恶唑酮(AOZ)、5-马啉代甲基-3-氨基-2-恶唑酮(AMOZ)、氨基脲(SEM)和1-氨基-乙内酰胺(AHD)。盐酸水解饲料中蛋白结合的代谢物,同时加入2-硝基苯甲醛(2-NBA),37℃过夜衍生化。加入醋酸锌,调pH至7后,再加入亚铁氰化钾去除蛋白。后用乙酸乙酯提取,正己烷净化,分析物采用电喷雾电离正离子(ESI+)和多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,内标法定量。在添加质量浓度1~4μg/kg范围内,内标法回收率为85%~110%;相对标准偏差(RSD)小于15%;方法检出限AMOZ和AOZ为0.5μg/kg,SEM和AHD为1μg/kg。 相似文献
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Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
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Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
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Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
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Tropical Animal Health and Production - 相似文献
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Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
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The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
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H Hayashi T Yoshimura J Y Chen 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1985,8(2):73-87
Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed. 相似文献
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Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ 
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下载免费PDF全文 S. Pashaei T. Ghoorchi A. Yamchi 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2016,100(2):211-216
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed. 相似文献
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Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb
albumin
- ALT
alanine aminotransferase
- AST
aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN
blood urea nitrogen
- Chol
cholesterol
- Glob
globulin
- -GT
-glutamyl transpeptidase
- IP
inorganic phosphorus
- TP
total protein 相似文献