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1.
为了比较氨基酸螯合铁对早期断奶仔猪内脏铁含量、铁表观消化率的影响,选择150头21日龄断奶仔猪(杜×长×大),在基础日粮添加100 mg/kg无机铁的基础上分别添加0、40、80、120、160 mg/kg氨基酸螯合铁构成5个试验组进行1～3周、4～6周及全期试验.结果表明:第21天和第42天,120 mg/kg氨基酸螯合铁试验组铁表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);肝脏铁、脾脏铁都显著高于对照组(P<0.05).添加氨基酸铁螯合铁可提高早期断奶仔猪的铁表观消化率,增加体内铁贮.  相似文献   

2.
本试验旨在研究甘氨酸亚铁对断奶仔猪生长性能、铁表观消化率及血清铁相关指标的影响。试验选取12头(28±1)日龄"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,根据体重、健康状况等均衡分布原则分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头仔猪,单个饲养于消化代谢笼。试验分为2个阶段,第1阶段:2组均饲喂缺铁基础饲粮10 d,使仔猪处于临近贫血状态;第2阶段:对照组在缺铁基础饲粮中额外添加100 mg/kg的硫酸亚铁(以铁计),试验组额外添加100 mg/kg的甘氨酸亚铁(以铁计),试验期10 d。结果表明:与添加硫酸亚铁相比,饲粮添加甘氨酸亚铁有降低仔猪料重比的趋势(P0.10),降低了4.57%,但对仔猪的平均日增重、平均日采食量无显著影响(P0.10);饲粮添加甘氨酸亚铁能显著降低粪中的铁排出量和铁排出总量(P0.05),分别降低了23.11%和22.09%;饲粮添加甘氨酸亚铁能极显著提高铁表观消化率和表观代谢率(P0.01),分别提高了13.34%和22.42%;同时,饲粮添加甘氨酸亚铁能显著提高血清中的铁饱和度和血液中的铁含量(P0.05)。综上,甘氨酸亚铁可提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,提高血液铁含量,改善仔猪铁代谢状况,降低粪便铁排出量,是一种绿色高效的新型补铁剂。  相似文献   

3.
为研究复合微生物添加剂对生长猪生长性能及养分表观消化率的影响,试验选用85日龄大白＆#215;荣昌二元杂种猪24头为试验猪,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复2头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加硫酸黏杆菌素40 mg/kg＋黄霉素8 mg/kg,2个试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加复合微生物添加剂（多能宝）500 mg/kg和1000 mg/kg。预试期6 d,正试期30 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,500 mg/kg和1000 mg/kg多能宝组日增重分别提高22.98%和36.91%,差异显著（P〈0.05）;料重比分别降低22.66%和30.42%,差异显著（P〈0.05）。粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分表观消化率,抗生素组、500 mg/kg多能宝组和1000 mg/kg多能宝组均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,抗生素组、500 mg/kg多能宝组和1000 mg/kg多能宝组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）;干物质表观消化率,1000 mg/kg多能宝组显著高于对照组,其余各组间差异不显著;粗纤维表观消化率,500 mg/kg和1000 mg/kg多能宝组显著高于对照组和抗生素组,对照组和抗生素组以及500 mg/kg多能宝组和1000 mg/kg多能宝组间差异不显著。说明饲粮中添加500～1000 mg/kg多能宝可有效改善生长猪的生长性能,提高营养物质消化率。  相似文献   

4.
试验旨在研究以甘氨酸铁和甘氨酸锌螯合物部分替代无机铁和锌对断奶仔猪生长性能及日粮营养物质表观消化率的影响。选取204头(25±2)日龄和体质量(7.55±0.31)kg相近的健康三元(杜×长×大)杂交仔白猪,随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组,每组3个重复,每重复17头,各组间均质量无显著差异(P0.05)。对照组白猪饲喂110 mg/kg硫酸亚铁+110 mg/kg硫酸锌的基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组猪饲喂110 mg/kg硫酸亚铁+55 mg/kg硫酸锌+55 mg/kg甘氨酸锌的基础日粮,试验Ⅱ组白猪饲喂55 mg/kg硫酸亚铁+55 mg/kg甘氨酸铁+110 mg/kg硫酸锌的基础日粮,试验Ⅲ组白猪饲喂55 mg/kg硫酸亚铁+55 mg/kg甘氨酸铁+55 mg/kg硫酸锌+55 mg/kg甘氨酸锌的基础日粮。结果表明:试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组白猪只的日采食量和末期体质量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组料重比较对照组分别降低2.34%、2.34%和5.85%(P0.05);试验组粗蛋白(CP)的消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅲ组磷(P)的消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组钙(Ca)的消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。  相似文献   

5.
本试验旨在研究胍基乙酸(GAA)对育成期公貂生长性能、脏器指数、营养物质表观消化率的影响。选用65日龄体重相近的育成期短毛黑公貂60只,随机分为6组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只貂。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加200、400、600、800和1000 mg/kg GAA。预试期1周;正试期10周,分为试验Ⅰ期(第1~5周)和试验Ⅱ期(第6~10周)。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)饲粮中添加600 mg/kg GAA可显著提高试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期和试验全期平均日增重(ADG)(P<0.05),极显著降低试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期和试验全期料重比(F/G)(P<0.01),极显著提高试验全期体长(P<0.01);2)饲粮中添加600 mg/kg GAA可显著提高心脏指数(P<0.05),饲粮中添加800 mg/kg GAA可显著提高肾脏指数(P<0.05),饲粮中添加400 mg/kg GAA可极显著提高脾脏指数(P<0.01),饲粮中添加200 mg/kg GAA可显著降低肠体比(P<0.05);3)饲粮中添加200 mg/kg GAA可显著提高试验Ⅰ期粗脂肪(EE)和试验Ⅱ期磷(P)表观消化率(P<0.05),饲粮中添加200、400和600 mg/kg GAA可显著提高试验Ⅱ期粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率(P<0.05),饲粮中添加400和600 mg/kg GAA可显著提高试验Ⅱ期钙(Ca)表观消化率(P<0.05),饲粮中添加800 mg/kg GAA可极显著提高试验Ⅰ期Ca表观消化率(P<0.01);4)饲粮中添加600 mg/kg GAA可显著提高试验Ⅰ期半胱氨酸(Cys)和缬氨酸(Val)表观消化率及试验Ⅱ期Val、酪氨酸(Tyr)和赖氨酸(Lys)表观消化率(P<0.05),极显著提高试验Ⅰ期精氨酸(Arg)和总氨基酸(TAA)表观消化率及试验Ⅱ期蛋氨酸(Met)、组氨酸(His)、Arg和TAA表观消化率(P<0.01)。综合分析生长性能、脏器指数、营养物质表观消化率,建议育成期公貂饲粮中GAA的适宜添加水平为600 mg/kg。  相似文献   

6.
孙铁虎 《养猪》2007,(2):8-8
孙铁虎等(2006)报道,在70日龄、体重约27.34kg的杜长大生长猪饲粮中添加氨基酸络合铁,每千克饲粮中由40mg增加到160mg时,前  相似文献   

7.
本试验旨在探讨缺铁性仔猪模型建立及补充酵母铁或硫酸亚铁后仔猪生长发育、血液指标变化情况和内脏器官铁含量的影响.本试验选择21日龄、初始体重(5.57±0.83)kg的D×L×Y断奶仔猪35头,分为7个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复1头猪.仔猪单栏饲养.用铁含量为22.43 mg/kg的基础日粮饲喂4周以耗竭体内储备铁.耗竭期结束后,试验期对照组继续饲喂基础日粮,6个试验组日粮分别在基础日粮中添加铁含量为80、120和180 mg/kg的酵母铁或硫酸亚铁,饲喂10 d.结果表明:仔猪经28 d耗竭后形成缺铁模型.当酵母铁组铁含量为120 mg/kg时,仔猪ADG和ADFI最高,日粮铁的来源和水平的交互作用对ADG和F/G影响显著(P<0.05).铁的来源和水平对仔猪各项血常规和生理生化指标影响不显著(P>0.05).120 mg/kg酵母铁或硫酸亚铁组脾脏、肝脏、肾脏和心脏铁含量均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),且120 mg/kg硫酸亚铁组在脾脏、肝脏和心脏中的铁含量均极显著高于酵母铁组(P<0.01).酵母铁组的ADG、ADFl、铁蛋白和转铁蛋白较硫酸亚铁组高.由结果可知,补充酵母铁和硫酸亚铁可以改善缺铁情况,且酵母铁的效果优于硫酸亚铁.  相似文献   

8.
本试验旨在研究低磷饲粮中添加不同浓度的植酸酶对生长猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和粪便中矿物元素排泄量的影响。试验选用112头初始重为35~40 kg的健康长×大二元杂交生长猪,随机分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复7头生长猪。阳性对照组饲喂常磷饲粮,阴性对照组饲喂低磷饲粮,试验组在低磷饲粮基础上分别添加500、1 000 U/kg的植酸酶。结果表明:相比于不添加植酸酶的低磷饲粮组,低磷饲粮+植酸酶组显著提高了生长猪的日增重、降低了耗料增重比(P0.05),显著提高了灰分和磷的表观消化率、苯丙氨酸和半胱氨酸的表观消化率(P0.05),显著提高了铜、铁、锰、镁和钴的表观消化率(P0.05),显著降低了粪便中磷、铜、铁、锰和钴的排泄量(P0.05)。由此可知,玉米-豆粕型低磷饲粮中添加植酸酶能够显著改善生长猪的生长性能、提高养分表观消化率、减少粪便中矿物元素的排泄量;在本试验条件下,生长猪饲喂有效磷2.4 g/kg的玉米-豆粕型饲粮时,添加500 U/kg植酸酶可达到与常磷饲粮相同的生长性能,添加1 000 U/kg植酸酶时养分表观消化率提高更明显。  相似文献   

9.
靳洁 《饲料研究》2023,(9):29-33
试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平的木聚糖酶对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标和养殖经济效益的影响。选取192头“杜×长×大”三元杂交育肥猪随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复8头猪。对照组为基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加100、200、400 mg/kg木聚糖酶。试验期50 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,各试验组育肥猪的平均日增重分别提高了7.37%、13.17%、15.88%(P<0.05),平均日采食量分别提高了5.40%、10.39%、13.03%(P<0.05),料重比均显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,200 mg/kg组、400 mg/kg组育肥猪的胴体重显著提高(P<0.05),试验组育肥猪的屠宰率显著提高(P<0.05);200 mg/kg组、400 mg/kg组猪背最长肌的肌内脂肪含量均显著提高(P<0.05),试验组育肥猪背最长肌剪切力均显著降低(P<0.05)。试验组育肥猪血清中尿素氮含量均显著降低(P<0.05),200 mg/kg组、400 mg/kg组育肥猪血清谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05)。400 mg/kg组育肥猪的粗脂肪表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),试验组育肥猪血清中钙和磷的表观消化率均显著提高(P<0.05)。试验组养殖利润分别提高19.94、32.24、36.19元/头。研究表明,木聚糖酶可以提高育肥猪的生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质,建议在育肥猪日粮中添加400 mg/kg木聚糖酶。  相似文献   

10.
《饲料工业》2019,(14):18-23
试验旨在评定饲粮中添加陈化玉米对生长猪的营养价值影响。选择平均体重为(33.00±0.95) kg的健康"DLY"三元杂交猪40头,按照体重相近的原则,随机分为对照组和陈化玉米组两个组,每组10个重复,每个重复2头猪。对照组饲喂含60%新玉米的饲粮,陈化玉米组用陈化玉米等量替代新玉米。试验分为30 d的生长试验和12 d的消化代谢试验,总计42 d。结果表明:①与对照组相比,陈化玉米组对生长猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P>0.05);②与对照组相比,陈化玉米组对生长猪的粗蛋白质表观消化率极显著提高了10.10%(P<0.01),对灰分表观消化率极显著降低了36.63%(P<0.01);③与对照组相比,陈化玉米组对生长猪天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸的表观消化率分别极显著的提高了9.85%、10.09%、6.58%、16.17%、14.78%、12.00%、7.45%和5.56%(P<0.01),对谷氨酸、丙氨酸和胱氨酸的表观消化率显著提高了3.48%、4.11%和4.71%(P<0.05),对异亮氨酸的表观消化率有提高的趋势(P=0.071);④与对照组相比,陈化玉米组对生长猪的饲粮表观消化能和代谢能无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,饲粮中使用60%的陈化玉米对生长猪的生长性能、干物质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率以及饲粮表观消化能和代谢能的影响不显著,但能极显著提高粗蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
Tropical Animal Health and Production -  相似文献   

14.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

15.
Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

17.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

18.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.  相似文献   

20.
<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.  相似文献   

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