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1.
敖翔  范明东  周婷  何健 《养猪》2019,(4):12-14
为研究不同营养水平饲粮添加非淀粉多糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响,试验选择体重(7.22±0.2)kg的150头健康杜长大三元杂种断奶仔猪,按体重相近、公母各半的原则,随机分为3个组:1)正对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;2)负对照组,饲喂低营养水平饲粮;3)非淀粉多糖酶组,在负对照组饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶500 g/t。每组5个重复,每个重复10头断奶仔猪。预试期3 d,试验期42 d。结果表明:1)与正对照和负对照组相比,非淀粉多糖酶组显著降低了料重比(P<0.05);2)与负对照组相比,非淀粉多糖酶组显著提高了干物质、氮和总能的表观消化率(P<0.05)。总之,试验结果表明在该试验条件下,在低能量水平饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶提高了断奶仔猪养分表观消化率,降低了料重比。  相似文献   

2.
试验旨在通过指示剂法研究非淀粉多糖型复合酶制剂对早期生长猪玉米-豆粕型日粮常规养分表观消化率的影响。试验选择9头体质量30 kg左右的生长猪,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组日粮在基础日粮的基础上添加200 g/t复合酶,试验2组在基础日粮的基础上添加500 g/t复合酶。试验结果表明猪玉米-豆粕日粮添加非淀粉多糖酶制剂对饲料常规养分中的粗灰分、粗蛋白和总能的表观消化率无显著影响(P0.05),对粗脂肪的消化率有显著提高作用(P0.05),对粗纤维的消化率有极显著提高作用(P0.01)。  相似文献   

3.
敖翔  周建川  周婷  何健 《养猪》2019,(1):5-8
为研究低营养水平饲粮添加单一或复合非淀粉多糖酶对生长肥育猪生长性能、养分消化率和肉品质的影响,试验选择体重(47.5±1.3)kg的200头健康杜长大三元杂种生长猪,按体重相近、公母各半的原则,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头生长猪。正对照组饲喂基础饲粮,负对照组饲喂低营养水平饲粮,单一酶制剂组饲喂负对照组饲粮+500 g/t甘露聚糖酶,复合酶制剂组饲喂负对照组饲粮+500 g/t复合非淀粉多糖酶(主要为甘露聚糖酶和半乳糖苷酶)。预试期3 d,正式试验期70 d。结果表明:1)与负对照组相比,正对照组、单一酶制剂组和复合酶制剂组显著提高了末重、日增重,并显著降低了料重比;2)35 d时,正对照组和单一酶制剂组对干物质的表观消化率显著高于负对照组和复合酶制剂组(P<0.05);3)35 d时,正对照组和复合酶制剂组对氮和总能的表观消化率显著高于负对照组和单一酶制剂组(P<0.05);4)各处理组对猪肉品质无显著影响(P>0.05)。试验结果表明在该试验条件下,低营养水平饲粮降低了生长肥育猪的生长性能和养分表观消化率,而在生长肥育猪低营养水平饲粮中添加单一或复合非淀粉多糖酶都可以部分提高生长性能和养分表观消化率,且对猪肉品质无影响。  相似文献   

4.
非淀粉多糖酶对仔猪早期生产性能和消化性能的影响   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
选用10头母猪生产的100多头仔猪 ,研究了玉米—豆粕型仔猪日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶对仔猪早期生长性能和消化性能的影响。试验组在对照组日粮中添加120g/t非淀粉多糖酶。试验结果表明 ,添加非淀粉多糖酶使断奶仔猪蛋白质消化率提高9.67 %(P<0.05) ,有机物消化率提高15.40 %(P<0.05) ;添加非淀粉多糖酶对仔猪断奶前的生长无明显影响 ,但对断奶后0～14天的生长有显著的促进作用 ,可提高仔猪日增重10.40 %(P<0.05) ,提高窝重17.65 %(P<0.05)。试验结果同时提示断奶仔猪日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶可有效地缓解仔猪断奶时的应激反应  相似文献   

5.
低能量日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶对仔猪生长性能的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
以杜×长×大杂交仔猪120头为研究对象,随机分成对照组Ⅰ(饲喂基础日粮)、对照组Ⅱ(基础日粮中减少292kJ/kg消化能)和试验组(基础日粮中减少292kJ/kg消化能,添加500g/t罗酶宝)3个处理组,研究低能量的玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶(木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶)对仔猪生长性能和消化性能的影响。结果表明:与对照组Ⅱ相比,试验组仔猪的日增重提高6.53%(P<0.05),饲料转化率提高7.25%(P<0.05),粗蛋白质的表观消化率提高5.76%(P<0.05);与对照组Ⅰ相比,试验组仔猪在日增重、饲料转化率、营养物质表观消化率方面有一定的提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05),说明在日粮中添加500g/t罗酶宝与增加292kJ/kg消化能的效果相当。  相似文献   

6.
非淀粉多糖酶制剂对肉鸭表观代谢能的研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
选取24只30日龄的樱桃谷肉鸭,采用单因子设计,通过在小麦日粮中添加不同种类的非淀粉多糖酶(100g/t),研究不同复合酶制剂对肉鸭养分利用率和代谢能的影响。试验设4个处理组,每组6个重复,每重复1只鸭,试验期9d。结果表明:日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶II显著提高粗蛋白、能量和粗纤维的表观利用率及表观代谢能值为8.33%、6.23%、3.19%和0.62MJ/kg,极显著提高脂肪的利用率,达到17.25%。非淀粉多糖酶I和单一纤维素酶能改善营养物质利用,但差异不显著。与对照组相比,复合酶II组每千克日粮表观代谢能和粗蛋白有效营养改进值(ENIV)分别为0.62MJ和0.77%,相当于每克酶制剂提供的表观代谢能和粗蛋白ENIV值为6.2MJ和7.7%。这表明,小麦日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶II能更有效地提高营养物质利用率。  相似文献   

7.
试验旨在研究日粮中添加中药复方发酵粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和消化酶活性的影响。选择32头体重为(14.96±0.96)kg的健康42日龄"杜×长×大"三元断奶仔猪,随机分成4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,其余3组分别在基础日粮的基础上添加金霉素75 mg/kg、中药复方发酵粉600 mg/kg及金霉素75 mg/kg+中药复方发酵粉600 mg/kg。试验期为42 d。结果表明,日粮中添加中药复方发酵粉显著提高了仔猪的干物质、有机物和碳水化合物的表观消化率及表观消化能(P0.05),提高了必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸(甘氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、酪氨酸)的表观消化率及脂肪酶活性(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)和淀粉酶活性(回肠)(P0.05)。金霉素和中药复方发酵粉对仔猪日增重、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的表观消化率及表观消化能和亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸的表观消化率有显著的交互效应(P0.05);与对照组相比,金霉素组和中药复方发酵粉组显著提高了日增重、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的表观消化率及苯丙氨酸和丝氨酸的表观消化率(P0.05),但两组间差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,日粮中添加600 mg/kg中药复方发酵粉能提高断奶仔猪养分表观消化率、氨基酸表观消化率和肠道消化酶活性。  相似文献   

8.
本试验旨在探讨饲粮中添加三丁酸甘油酯(TB)和牛至油(OEO)对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、营养物质表观消化率和粪中微生物菌群的影响。试验选用28日龄平均体重为(7.27±0.68)kg的健康大白断奶仔猪128头,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头猪。各组分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)、基础饲粮+1 kg/t TB(TB组)、基础饲粮+1 kg/t OEO(OEO组)、基础饲粮+1 kg/t TB+1 kg/t OEO(TB+OEO组)。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,OEO组显著提高了断奶仔猪平均日增重(P0.05),极显著降低了腹泻率(P0.01);TB+OEO组显著降低了断奶仔猪料重比(P0.05),极显著降低了腹泻率(P0.01)。2)各组之间血清生化指标无显著差异(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,TB+OEO组显著提高了断奶仔猪粗蛋白质表观消化率(P0.05),极显著提高了粗脂肪表观消化率(P0.01)。4)与对照组相比,TB组、OEO组和TB+OEO组均极显著降低了粪中大肠杆菌的数量(P0.01);TB+OEO组显著提高了粪中双歧杆菌的数量(P0.05)。综上所述,基础饲粮中添加TB+OEO可提高断奶仔猪生长性能,改善营养物质表观消化率,调节肠道菌群平衡。  相似文献   

9.
四种复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及养分消化率的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
研究旨在比较常规日粮中添加4种不同复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、饲料养分消化率和仔猪腹泻率的影响.试验选取28日龄杜长大断奶仔猪120头,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复8头,分别饲喂基础日粮与在基础日粮中分别添加500 mg/kg复合酶A、B、C、D的试验日粮.试验为期30 d.结果表明,复合酶A和D均可显著提高断奶仔猪日增重(P＜0.05),降低料重比(P＜0.05),复合酶B和C与对照组和复合酶A组、D组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);复合酶A和D可极显著降低断奶仔猪腹泻频率(P＜0.01).复合酶A显著提高了断奶仔猪对粗蛋白、总能和消化能的表观消化率(P＜0.05),对谷氨酸、丙氨酸等氨基酸的消化率也有显著提高(P＜0.05).各复合酶均能提高断奶仔猪生产性能和养分消化率,以复合酶A为最佳.  相似文献   

10.
本研究旨在探讨在饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶和益生素对肉仔鸡生长性能和养分表观代谢率的影响。选用1日龄健康AA+肉仔鸡,采用单因素完全随机化试验设计,试验共设3个处理组,每个处理5个重复,每个重复40只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组饲喂基础饲粮+400 mg/kg非淀粉多糖酶,试验2组饲喂基础饲粮+100 mg/kg益生素,试验期6周。结果表明:益生素与对照组相比能显著提高1～42日龄肉仔鸡的日采食量5.26%(P<0.05),分别降低1～21日龄6.43%(P<0.05)和1～42日龄料重比4.57%(P<0.05)。非淀粉多糖酶和益生素能显著提高钙的表观代谢率6.83%(P<0.05)和11.86%(P<0.05),以及磷的表观代谢率11.45%(P<0.05)和16.10%(P<0.05)。由此得出,添加非淀粉多糖酶和益生素对肉鸡生长性能和表观养分代谢率作用有所提高,益生素组好于非淀粉多糖组。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

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