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1.
为探究不同益生菌固态湿发酵对豆粕营养品质的影响，选择地衣芽孢杆菌（Bac-l）、凝结芽孢杆菌（Bac-c）、罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lac)、米曲霉(Asp)、酿酒酵母(Sac)、沼泽红假单胞菌(Pho) 6种益生菌，固态发酵48 h，以粗蛋白、酸溶蛋白、蛋白酶、抗营养因子等为指标，从发酵豆粕营养指标、酶活性、抗营养因子含量等方面进行评定。结果表明：沼泽红假单胞菌发酵豆粕粗蛋白含量增加至31.55%(P<0.05)；酿酒酵母和沼泽红假单胞菌发酵豆粕后酸溶蛋白含量提升至12.98%(P<0.05)；罗伊氏乳杆菌能够有效降低pH(P<0.05)，提高干物质回收率达到94%(P<0.05)；发酵豆粕时，沼泽红假单胞菌的酸性蛋白酶活性最高，酿酒酵母的中性蛋白酶活性最高，地衣芽孢杆菌的碱性蛋白酶活性最高（P<0.05），酿酒酵母的植酸酶和纤维素酶活性最优；米曲霉分解大分子蛋白质的能力最强，对3种抗营养因子（大豆球蛋白、β-伴大豆球蛋白、胰蛋白酶抑制因子）的降解率也最高，分别达到64.71%、78.94%和98.07%(P<0.05)。说明益生菌发酵可以改善豆粕营养品质，... 相似文献
2.
拟利用前期筛选的分离于斜带石斑鱼肠道的短小芽孢杆菌SE5、分离于小丑鱼肠道的乳酸乳球菌17和分离于酒曲的酿酒酵母菌Sa,开发一种水产专用发酵豆粕。先通过控制因素,确定复合菌株的配伍比例、接种顺序、最适接种量、温度、料液比和发酵时间,然后采用正交试验优化发酵工艺。结果显示:以大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白含量为指标,最佳发酵工艺为:短小芽孢杆菌SE5:酿酒酵母菌Sa:乳酸乳球菌17比例为2:2:1;分别在0 h接入短小芽孢杆菌SE5,12 h接入酿酒酵母菌Sa,24 h接入乳酸乳球菌17;发酵温度30℃,总接种量10%,发酵时间为48 h,料液比1:1。在最优工艺下,发酵豆粕中大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白降解率分别为71.48%和73.29%。 相似文献
3.
本试验研究了高产蛋白酶酵母菌在不同条件下对发酵豆粕品质的影响。以蛋白酶活性为指标，对豆粕发酵的时间、含水量、菌液接种量和葡萄糖添加量进行优化，根据单因素试验结果设计正交试验，探究高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵对豆粕中蛋白酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶、果胶酶活性和粗蛋白质、小分子多肽、胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量的影响。结果表明，单因素试验条件下，分别在含水量50%、菌液添加量4%、葡萄糖添加量1.5%时发酵豆粕具有最高的蛋白酶活性。以单因素试验结果设计正交试验，与对照组相比，9个试验组蛋白酶活性增长100.56%~380.13%、纤维素酶活性增长2.67%~81.77%、植酸酶活性增长53.89%~252.81%、果胶酶活性增长13.84%~70.83%、小分子多肽增长574.67%~1 981.08%、粗蛋白质含量增长9.24%~16.49%、胰蛋白抑制剂含量降低7.36%~67.39%。高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵豆粕可以显著提升其营养价值，降低抗营养因子含量。使用高产蛋白酶酵母菌对豆粕进行发酵，若需要发酵豆粕中水解酶活性最高，发酵条件为葡萄糖1%、混合菌液2%，含水量45%，在室温下发酵5 d；需要粗蛋白质、多肽含量以及胰蛋白酶抑制剂降低率最高时，发酵条件为葡萄糖2%、混合菌液4%，含水量55%，在室温下发酵5 d。 相似文献
4.
本试验以小肽含量为指标,对解淀粉芽孢杆菌单菌固态发酵豆粕以及解淀粉芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和酿酒酵母菌3个菌种混菌固态发酵豆粕的工艺条件进行优化,并对其发酵前后的营养物质含量变化进行研究。通过解淀粉芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和酿酒酵母3个试验菌的生长曲线确定其接种到固态培养基的最佳接种时间。采用单因素试验设计研究解淀粉芽孢杆菌接种量、温度、料水比、发酵时间4个因素对豆粕发酵产小肽的影响,并在此基础上采用四因素三水平的正交试验设计对单、混菌固态发酵豆粕的工艺条件进行优化。对豆粕发酵前后豆粕营养物质含量、大豆球蛋白含量、蛋白质分子质量、发酵产物p H进行测定。结果显示:3株试验菌接在各自种子培养基扩大培养至21 h为其接种到固态培养基的最佳时间。解淀粉芽孢杆菌单菌固态发酵豆粕的最佳工艺条件为:接种量为10%、温度为40℃、料水比为1.0∶1.2、发酵时间为72 h;解淀粉芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母混菌固态发酵豆粕的最佳工艺条件为:接种量为15%、温度为31℃、料水比为1.0∶1.0发酵时间为120 h,3个菌株的接种比例为:解淀粉芽孢杆菌∶植物乳杆菌∶酿酒酵母=9∶3∶2。经微生物发酵后,发酵产物中小肽、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、粗脂肪含量较发酵前均得到显著提高(P0.05),粗纤维含量则显著下降(P0.05);单菌发酵组和混菌发酵组发酵产物中大豆球蛋白含量均较未发酵组显著降低(P0.05);单菌发酵组和混菌发酵组发酵产物中蛋白质分子质量较未发酵组降低;混菌发酵组发酵产物的p H较未发酵组显著降低(P0.05),而单菌发酵组发酵产物的p H则与未发酵组差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,豆粕经微生物固态发酵后营养价值在一定程度上得到改善,大分子蛋白质被降解,p H也发生了变化,并且单菌发酵和混菌发酵的效果存在差异。 相似文献
5.
益生菌发酵豆粕制备生物活性饲料的研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
利用纳豆芽孢杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌TQ33对豆粕进行固态发酵。结果表明:最适发酵工艺为先接纳豆芽孢杆菌,发酵12h后再接凝结芽孢杆菌,接种量为10%,两菌比例为1:1,发酵基质中豆粕与麸皮质量比为7:3,初始含水量为40%,初始pH值自然,37℃发酵48h;发酵豆粕饲料的蛋白水解度为20.14%,其中大多数肽类的相对分子质量在620～1242之间;TI降解率达95%,产品中含纳豆芽孢杆菌1.0×109cfu/g,凝结芽孢杆菌9.2×107cfu/g,此外,还含有蛋白酶、短肽和乳酸等生物活性物质。 相似文献
6.
吝常华刘国华常文环张姝郑爱娟邓雪娟蔡辉益 《动物营养学报》2018,(7):2749-2762
本试验以小肽含量为指标,对解淀粉芽孢杆菌单菌固态发酵豆粕以及解淀粉芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和酿酒酵母菌3个菌种混菌固态发酵豆粕的工艺条件进行优化,并对其发酵前后的营养物质含量变化进行研究。通过解淀粉芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和酿酒酵母3个试验菌的生长曲线确定其接种到固态培养基的最佳接种时间。采用单因素试验设计研究解淀粉芽孢杆菌接种量、温度、料水比、发酵时间4个因素对豆粕发酵产小肽的影响,并在此基础上采用四因素三水平的正交试验设计对单、混菌固态发酵豆粕的工艺条件进行优化。对豆粕发酵前后豆粕营养物质含量、大豆球蛋白含量、蛋白质分子质量、发酵产物p H进行测定。结果显示:3株试验菌接在各自种子培养基扩大培养至21 h为其接种到固态培养基的最佳时间。解淀粉芽孢杆菌单菌固态发酵豆粕的最佳工艺条件为:接种量为10%、温度为40℃、料水比为1.0∶1.2、发酵时间为72 h;解淀粉芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母混菌固态发酵豆粕的最佳工艺条件为:接种量为15%、温度为31℃、料水比为1.0∶1.0发酵时间为120 h,3个菌株的接种比例为:解淀粉芽孢杆菌∶植物乳杆菌∶酿酒酵母=9∶3∶2。经微生物发酵后,发酵产物中小肽、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、粗脂肪含量较发酵前均得到显著提高(P<0.05),粗纤维含量则显著下降(P<0.05);单菌发酵组和混菌发酵组发酵产物中大豆球蛋白含量均较未发酵组显著降低(P<0.05);单菌发酵组和混菌发酵组发酵产物中蛋白质分子质量较未发酵组降低;混菌发酵组发酵产物的p H较未发酵组显著降低(P<0.05),而单菌发酵组发酵产物的p H则与未发酵组差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,豆粕经微生物固态发酵后营养价值在一定程度上得到改善,大分子蛋白质被降解,p H也发生了变化,并且单菌发酵和混菌发酵的效果存在差异。 相似文献
7.
《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2015,(14)
为了研究枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)XZ35株固态发酵豆粕的效果,试验以纯化水和市售枯草芽孢杆菌B1株为对照,在最优工艺条件下固态发酵豆粕,对发酵产品进行大豆抗原蛋白残留率、三氯乙酸可溶性氮(TCA-NSI)、粗蛋白、水分和挥发性盐基氮含量测定。结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌XZ35株发酵豆粕后抗原蛋白残留率为5.9%,显著低于空白对照组和枯草芽孢杆菌B1株对照组(P0.05);TCA-NSI含量为7.24%,显著高于空白对照组和枯草芽孢杆菌B1株对照组(P0.05);枯草芽孢杆菌XZ35株和B1株发酵豆粕后粗蛋白含量显著高于空白对照组(P0.05),各组水分含量差异不显著(P0.05);挥发性盐基氮含量为30.37 mg/100 g,显著低于空白对照组和枯草芽孢杆菌B1株对照组(P0.05)。说明枯草芽孢杆菌XZ35株在豆粕发酵过程中能够将豆粕中大分子蛋白降解为小分子多肽,同时具有较强的抗原蛋白降解能力,进而提高豆粕蛋白质的消化率和利用率,提高豆粕在饲料中的应用范围和使用价值。 相似文献
8.
饲用酶与芽孢杆菌协同作用发酵豆粕的相关研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以酸溶性蛋白(TCA-N)含量为主要评价指标,研究饲用酶酶解、芽孢杆菌发酵、饲用酶加芽孢杆菌协同处理豆粕的工艺条件。结果表明,酶菌协同处理的结果优于酶和菌单独作用的结果,最佳发酵工艺条件为:料水比1:0.7、初始发酵温度40℃、加酶量0.05%(蛋白酶活力50 U/g)、接种量1%(0.5%1号菌+0.5%3号菌)、处理时间为48 h。在此条件下,豆粕经过处理后,其酸溶性蛋白含量从2.74%增加到24.55%,乳酸含量从1.26%增加到4.70%,各种抗营养因子也大都得到降解。SDS-PAGE电泳分析结果表明,处理后豆粕中的大分子蛋白质被降解为分子量20 kD或以下的小分子物质。 相似文献
9.
10.
复合微生物固态发酵豆粕的工艺条件研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分别采用液体发酵制备地衣芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌的菌种，将3种微生物按一定比例接种于豆粕进行固态发酵，采用单因素法对固态发酵豆粕的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明，最佳发酵工艺条件为：地衣芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌的配比为（2：1：1）×109，接种量为10%，含水量为45%，采用好氧48 h、厌氧24 h的固态发酵工艺，发酵产物中总菌数可达2.18×109 cfu/g，乳酸含量达2.51%，多肽含量达19.22%，其中88.94%的多肽分子量小于2300 Da。 相似文献
11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
13.
Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
14.
Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
15.
Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
16.
B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
17.
Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
18.
Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献