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1.
研究了以全池泼洒的投药方式,孔雀石绿(MG)(池塘中MG的理论浓度为1 mg/L)及其主要代谢物隐性孔雀石绿(LMG)在斑点叉尾(Ietalurus punetaus)肌肉和皮肤以及养殖水体和底泥中的残留消除规律。采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)分析MG及其代谢物LMG在斑点叉尾体内及环境中的浓度水平。结果显示:肌肉、皮肤中MG于用药后第1天最高浓度分别为:(42.77±5.26)μg/kg和(6.36±0.11)μg/kg,消除半衰期T1/2分别为57.76 d、31.51 d;皮肤和肌肉中LMG分别在用药后第3天和第1天达到最高(502.27±20.43)μg/kg和(125.26±12.76)μg/kg,消除半衰期T1/2分别为33.01 d、38.51 d。这表明MG在斑点叉尾体内会迅速转化为LMG,且LMG残留在皮肤中的浓度大于肌肉中的浓度。养殖环境底泥中同时存在MG和LMG,以LMG为主,并且LMG呈现蓄积的趋势,在第360天出现最高浓度(5.92±1.23)μg/kg;水体中MG最高浓度出现在第1天,为(46.44±7.39)μg/L,随后急剧降至1μg/L左右,水体中几乎不存在LMG。  相似文献   

2.
为研究甲砜霉素(thiamphenicol)在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)体内的代谢动力学特征和残留消除规律,本研究采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测甲砜霉素混饲口灌后在大菱鲆血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏等样品中的时间-浓度变化。甲砜霉素以30 mg/kg的剂量单次混饲口灌,采集给药后48 h内的药时数据,并以DAS软件非房室模型进行分析,结果显示,甲砜毒素在大菱鲆血浆中达峰浓度(C_(max))和达峰时间(T_(max))分别为21.968μg/m L和9 h,药时曲线下面积[AUC_((0—∞))]为319.754 mg/(L·h),表观分布容积(Vz/F)为6.206 L/kg,平均滞留时间[MRT_((0—∞))]和消除半衰期(T1/2z)分别为33.984 h和45.841 h。甲砜霉素在大菱鲆的肌肉、肝脏和肾脏组织中达峰浓度(C_(max))分别至22.346、27.128和47.718μg/g;在肝脏中达峰时间较快(4 h),在肌肉和肾脏组织中均在9 h;在肾脏中的达峰浓度(C_(max)=47.718μg/g)和药时曲线下面积AUC(0-∞)最大,为517.768 mg/(L·h),表明肾脏对甲砜霉素的吸收能力最高;在肝脏中的平均滞留时间[MRT_((0—∞))=36.565 h]最长,消除半衰期T1/2z为42.370 h,即给药后48 h内甲砜霉素在肝脏中的消除较慢。甲砜霉素以60 mg/kg的高剂量单次给药后,采集30 d内的药时数据并以WT程序进行计算,结果显示甲砜霉素在大菱鲆血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的理论休药期分别为8.90、10.64、18.19和23.95 d。本研究结果可为甲砜霉素在大菱鲆中的合理应用提供科学依据。  相似文献   

3.
研究了水温为(27±1)℃、盐度为10条件下,单剂量(100 mg/kg)口灌给药复方磺胺嘧啶(磺胺嘧啶SD∶甲氧苄啶TMP=5∶1)后,SD和TMP在拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)体内的药动学以及在肌肉、肝胰腺和鳃组织中的分布和消除规律。结果显示,拟穴青蟹口灌复方磺胺嘧啶后,血淋巴中SD和TMP药物浓度-时间关系曲线均符合一级吸收二室模型,SD和TMP的峰浓度(C_(max))分别为49.56 mg/L和2.79 mg/L,药时曲线下面积(AUC)分别为1417.6 mg/L·h和82.7 mg/L·h;肝胰腺是SD和TMP峰浓度最高的组织,其C_(max)分别为59.36 mg/kg和74.82 mg/kg。由此可见,大量TMP蓄积在肝胰腺中,进入血液循环的TMP很少。在鳃组织中,SD和TMP的C_(max)分别为51.89 mg/kg和42.58 mg/kg,消除半衰期分别为23.28 h和25.29 h;鳃组织中药物浓度比较高,且消除速度较快,推测其在药物代谢中承担着消除功能。在肌肉中,SD和TMP的C_(max)分别为44.95 mg/kg和10.09 mg/kg,消除半衰期分别为25.09 h和35.08 h。以0.1 mg/kg和0.05 mg/kg分别为SD和TMP的最高残留限量(MRL),95%置信区间,推算SD和TMP在拟穴青蟹肌肉中的理论休药期分别为290.6 h和302.8 h,在肝胰腺中分别为340.4 h和377.0 h。  相似文献   

4.
土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内的药物代谢和消除规律   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用高效液相色谱法检测土霉素,研究土霉素口灌给药途径下在锯缘青蟹体内的药代动力学。锯缘青蟹口灌给药土霉素50 mg/kg后,其血浆、肌肉和肝胰脏中的药峰浓度分别为16.78±1.98 mg/L、9.39±2.12μg/g和32.12±6.12μg/g,达峰时间分别为4 h、8 h和4 h。血浆中土霉素浓度-时间关系曲线符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内分布广泛,其表观分布容积(Vd)为2.129 L/kg;分布半衰期(t1/2α)和消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为3.200 h和47.856 h,总体清除率(CLs)为0.063 mL/(kg.h)。肌肉和肝胰脏中土霉素浓度与时间关系的药动学参数采用统计矩原理分析,其消除半衰期(t1/2 z)分别为60.145 h和71.009 h,总体清除率(CLz)分别为0.054 g/(kg.h)和0.037 g/(kg.h)。土霉素在精巢和卵巢中达峰时间分别为8 h和12 h,峰浓度分别为9.83μg/g和10.26μg/g。给药后24 d时,血浆、肌肉、肝胰脏、精巢和卵巢中土霉素含量都已低于0.10μg/g。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内消除比较缓慢。  相似文献   

5.
采用UPLC-MS/MS法研究了2μg·L-1三次连续水体药浴和6μg·L-1一次性水体药浴条件下阿维菌素在水体中消除、在异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)体内蓄积和消除变化规律。结果显示,两种药浴暴露方式下阿维菌素在水体中消除呈一级指数衰退消除,消除半衰期(t1/2)均为63 h,240 h时浓度下降到0.5μg·L-1以下。阿维菌素在异育银鲫血浆和肌肉中的含量均呈先升高后下降的趋势,血浆中药物浓度远高于肌肉中的含量。2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组和6μg·L-1一次药浴组血药峰浓度(Cmax)分别为34.97、66.62μg·L-1,其曲线下面积(AUC0-t)分别为9 871.2μg·L-1·h和18 119.6μg·L-1·h;两组药浴肌肉中达峰浓度分别4.42μg·kg-1和15.80μg·kg-1,其AUC0-t分别为641.9μg·kg-1·h和4 271.0μg·kg-1·h。与2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组相比,6μg·L-1一次药浴组阿维菌素在血浆和肌肉中的蓄积作用更加显著。以10μg·kg-1作为阿维菌素在异育银鲫肌肉中最大残留限量,选择95%的置信区间计算异育银鲫肌肉组织中休药期,本研究中2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组肌肉的休药期为295.4 h,6μg·L-1一次药浴组肌肉的休药期为454.5 h。  相似文献   

6.
为探究地西泮(Diazepam, DZP)在模拟养殖环境中的降解特点及累积特征,设置2个浓度胁迫组(A、C组),并在2个浓度下添加蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)作对照组(B、D组),共4个试验组;分析水体、底泥和蜈蚣草中DZP浓度随时间的变化特点,探讨蜈蚣草和底泥对水体中DZP的累积特征。结果表明,给药后4组水体中DZP的初始质量浓度分别为A:(0.118±0.002)μg·L-1、B:(0.117±0.004)μg·L-1、C:(1.141±0.078)μg·L-1和D:(1.142±0.039)μg·L-1,给药后第768小时水体中DZP质量浓度下降了29.71%～40.17%;DZP降解半衰期介于65.29～139.11 d。4组底泥中DZP质量分数随时间变化逐渐上升,给药768 h后4组底泥中DZP质量分数分别达到初始质量分数的17.99倍(1.384μg·kg-1)、14.81倍(0.918μg·kg-1)、4.77倍(7.848μg·k...  相似文献   

7.
通过肌内注射、口灌两种给药方式,研究氟苯尼考在罗非鱼体内的药物代谢动力学特征。把吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)随机分成2组,控制水温在30℃,以15 mg/kg分别单剂量肌内注射、口灌给药。经高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血浆中氟苯尼考浓度,用Win Nonlin药动学软件分析药动学参数。结果表明:肌内注射氟苯尼考后,药物吸收较慢,消除较快,达峰时间(T_(max))=4 h,峰浓度(C_(max))=4.64μg/mL,消除半衰期(T_(1/2λ)z L)=10.45 h,药-时曲线下面积(AUC)=91.06μg·h/mL。口灌氟苯尼考后,药物吸收较快,消除较慢,T_(max)=1 h,C_(max)=5.92μg/mL,T_(1/2λ)z L=13.13 h,AUC=61.96μg·h/mL。肌内注射、口灌氟苯尼考后,二者的药动学参数差异显著,这一差异表明肌内注射给药吸收相对较慢,但更为完全(肌内注射氟苯尼考的AUC明显较大),消除相对较快。  相似文献   

8.
凌海  缪天音  王元  向阳  胡鲲  房文红 《水产学报》2023,47(5):059414-059414
为探究水产养殖中恩诺沙星用药后在水环境中的归趋，本实验在模拟池塘水产养殖系统中，恩诺沙星以18 mg/kg剂量药饵投喂异育银鲫，每天2次、给药周期6 d，研究恩诺沙星在异育银鲫体内吸收、分布、代谢和消除规律，以及在水体和底泥中的分布规律。结果显示，异育银鲫组织中恩诺沙星峰浓度(Cmax)依次为肠道>肾脏>肌肉>鳃>肝脏>血浆，分别为14.15、13.31、14.15、7.48、7.94 mg/kg和2.94 mg/L；各组织中均可检测到代谢产物环丙沙星，其峰浓度与恩诺沙星峰浓度的百分比分别为5.10%、1.70%、6.28%、2.97%、2.90%和6.53%；组织中恩诺沙星清除率(CLz)顺序为血浆>肝脏>肠道>鳃>肌肉>肾脏。随着给药次数增多，水体中恩诺沙星残留浓度快速升高，在最后一次给药后6 h时达到峰值(5.23μg/L)，随后开始下降，但水体中一直未检测到代谢产物环丙沙星；底泥中恩诺沙星首先呈现上升趋势，在240 h达到峰值(796μg/kg)，之后略有下降，480 h时降...  相似文献   

9.
在水温(28±2)℃、盐度28条件下,采用30mg/kg的剂量口灌法,用HPLC-MS/MS检测研究了盐酸氯苯胍在体质量为(350.15±5.18)g的眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律。结果显示,单剂量口灌给药后,眼斑拟石首鱼血浆中盐酸氯苯胍的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型,药物在血浆中的达峰时间、血药质量浓度峰值、药时曲线下面积和消除半衰期分别为2.39h、958.78μg/L、33 247.57μg/(L·h)和19.24h;盐酸氯苯胍在肌肉、肝脏和肾脏的血药含量峰值分别为156.72、227.68μg/kg和553.44μg/kg,达峰时间分别为2.0、1.5、2.0h;药时曲线下面积分别4664.04、4897.74、17 228.19μg/(kg·h);消除半衰期分别为19.68、24.33、22.81h。按30mg/kg剂量连续5d口灌给药后,鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的药物消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为24.46、35.39、39.60、33.94h。若以10μg/kg为最高残留限量,肌肉作为食用靶组织,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不少于7d。  相似文献   

10.
为研究伊乐藻—螺蛳组合对湖滨湿地水体净化效果并探究两者的最优密度搭配,通过不同密度的伊乐藻(100 g/m~2、200 g/m~2、300 g/m~2)和螺蛳(120 g/m~2、240 g/m~2、360 g/m~2)组合,研究在不同搭配比例条件下,伊乐藻的生长情况,螺蛳的存活率和生长情况。检测了水体中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)的质量浓度变化,以及底泥中的TN、TP和COD变化情况。结果显示:伊乐藻—螺蛳组合对水体及底泥中的N、P和COD有很好的去除效果,伊乐藻初始密度为200 g/m~2时,净化效率最高。本试验中,各试验组伊乐藻的最终生物量无显著差异,接近于(554.31±29.60)g;螺蛳密度高对COD有更好的去除效果,然而360 g/m~2密度组死亡率较高。研究表明:在本试验条件下,伊乐藻200 g/m~2、螺蛳240 g/m~2是最优密度搭配。  相似文献   

11.
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12.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

13.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.  相似文献   

16.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

17.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.  相似文献   

18.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

19.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

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