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1.
饲粮精粗比对泌乳水牛瘤胃细菌和甲烷菌区系的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《动物营养学报》2016,(10)
本试验旨在研究饲粮精粗比对泌乳水牛瘤胃细菌和甲烷菌区系的影响。选取15头健康杂交后备泌乳水牛,按体重、采食量等相近原则随机分为3组,每组5头,分别饲喂精粗比为0∶100(全粗料组)、35∶65(低精料组)、50∶50(中等精料组)的混合饲粮。试验为期40 d,其中前10 d为预试期。在试验结束后第1天,经口腔抽取瘤胃液抽提微生物DNA,采用Illumina Miseq PE250平台研究瘤胃细菌和甲烷菌区系组成。结果表明:1)在门水平上,水牛瘤胃内拟杆菌门(45%~65%)、厚壁菌门(13%~27%)和变形菌门(13%~18%)为主要细菌类别,与低精料组和中等精料组相比,全粗料组提高了拟杆菌门、黄杆菌门和SR1细菌的比例,降低了厚壁菌门、疣微菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门细菌的比例;在科水平上,普雷沃氏科(15%~32%)和黄杆菌科(8%~21%)为主要细菌类别,与中等精料组相比,全粗料组、低精料组提高了普雷沃氏科细菌的比例,降低了黄杆菌科、毛螺菌科、瘤胃球菌科、红蝽杆菌科和双歧杆菌科细菌的比例;中等精料组瘤胃细菌相比全粗料组有更高的多样性。2)水牛瘤胃内,90%以上的甲烷菌为甲烷短杆菌属,其次为热原体属,饲粮精粗比的改变并未影响甲烷短杆菌属在瘤胃内的优势地位。综合得出,全粗料饲粮有提高水牛瘤胃内纤维降解相关细菌比例的趋势,却降低了瘤胃细菌的多样性;饲粮精粗比的差异对水牛瘤胃甲烷菌在属水平上的组成并无显著影响。 相似文献
2.
本试验旨在研究沙葱、沙葱水溶性提取物和脂溶性提取物对肉羊瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响。试验选用24只体况良好、体重为(37.1±0.5) kg的杜寒F1杂交羊,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,沙葱组在基础饲粮中添加沙葱粉[10.0 g/(d·只)],脂溶组在基础饲粮中添加沙葱脂溶性提取物[2.8 g/(d·只)],水溶组在基础饲粮中添加沙葱水溶性提取物[3.4 g/(d·只)]。饲养试验共持续75 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期60 d;在正试期的第0、30和60天晨饲后2 h通过口腔采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物的含量。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱及其提取物显著提高了瘤胃液pH(P<0.05),降低了瘤胃液氨态氮的浓度(P>0.05),但均未超过正常范围;饲粮中添加沙葱显著提高了瘤胃液菌体蛋白浓度(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱和其脂溶性提取物显著提高了瘤胃液丙酸浓度(P<0.05),添加沙葱显著提高了瘤胃液丁酸浓度(P<0.05)并显著降低了异丁酸的浓度(P<0.05),乙酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,在30、60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱及其提取物显著提高了产琥珀酸丝状杆菌和黄色瘤胃球菌含量(P<0.05),对溶纤维丁酸弧菌、甲烷菌、白色瘤胃球菌含量没有显著影响(P>0.05);在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱水溶性提取物显著提高瘤胃液真菌含量(P<0.05),饲粮中添加沙葱显著降低瘤胃液原虫含量(P<0.05)。综上,沙葱及其提取物改善了瘤胃发酵模式,显著影响了肉羊瘤胃微生物区系。 相似文献
3.
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加沙葱粉或复合益生菌制剂对杜寒杂交羊瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃液菌群多样性的影响。选取体重相近的杜寒杂交羊30只,随机分为3组,每组10只,各组饲喂饲粮如下:对照组,基础饲粮;沙葱组,基础饲粮+沙葱粉(沙葱粉添加量为饲粮干物质的0.46%);复合益生菌组,基础饲粮+复合益生菌制剂(复合益生菌制剂添加量为饲粮干物质的4.35%)。饲喂90 d后,随机从每组羊群中选取体重相近的试验羊4只,屠宰后采集瘤胃液,检测瘤胃发酵参数,并运用高通量测序方法检测瘤胃菌群多样性。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,复合益生菌组瘤胃液乙酸浓度显著提高(P0.05),沙葱组瘤胃液乙丙比下降(P0.05),复合益生菌组瘤胃液乙丙比则升高(P0.05)。2)复合益生菌组瘤胃液香农指数显著高于对照组(P0.05),而沙葱组瘤胃液香农指数虽高于对照组,但差异不显著(P 0.05)。3)在前10种菌门中,沙葱组各菌门相对丰度与对照组存在差异,但差异均不显著(P0.05);复合益生菌组拟杆菌门、疣微菌门和互养菌门的相对丰度显著高于对照组(P0.05),而变形菌门的相对丰度显著低于对照组(P0.05);在科水平上,沙葱组和复合益生菌组氨基酸球菌科的相对丰度均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。由此得出,饲粮中添加沙葱粉或复合益生菌制剂均可以改变瘤胃发酵类型,并可不同程度地丰富瘤胃液菌群多样性。 相似文献
4.
本试验旨在研究围产前期添加蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯(HMBi)对围产期奶牛瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响。选择40头健康的荷斯坦围产期奶牛,根据年龄、体况、胎次、预产期及上一胎次泌乳量相近原则进行配对试验设计,分为试验组和对照组,每组20头牛。在围产前期,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+30 g/d HMBi,试验组与对照组奶牛在围产后期饲喂相同饲粮,试验期44 d。试验组与对照组各选择6头奶牛,分别于产前7 d(-7 d)和产后7 d(+7 d)晨饲前采集瘤胃液,测定各组奶牛分娩前后瘤胃发酵指标和微生物区系的变化。结果表明：1)与对照组相比,添加HMBi显著降低了奶牛产后瘤胃氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度(P <0.05),对围产期奶牛瘤胃液pH,微生物蛋白(MCP)含量,总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的浓度及乙酸/丙酸没有显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,添加HMBi显著提高了奶牛产前瘤胃Kiritimatiellaeota、解琥珀酸弧菌科UCG-001和互营球菌属的相对丰度(P <0.05),显著提高了奶牛产后瘤胃纤维杆菌门、瘤胃球菌科UCG... 相似文献
5.
茶皂素对奶牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验旨在研究茶皂素对奶牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响。试验选用12头健康状况良好,体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,均饲喂基础饲粮,各组分别灌服0(对照)、20、30、40 g/d茶皂素,茶皂素与水混匀灌服,进行预试期14 d,正试期35 d的饲养试验。正试期期间每隔7 d,在晨饲前1 h用口腔采样器采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵指标,用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法测定瘤胃微生物含量。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,茶皂素显著降低了瘤胃液p H(30、40 g/d组)、氨态氮的浓度(20、30、40 g/d组)(P0.05),但均未超过正常范围值;茶皂素显著提高了微生物蛋白(30、40 g/d组)、丙酸(20、30、40 g/d组)和丁酸浓度(20、30、40 g/d组)(P0.05),30 g/d组的微生物蛋白浓度提高了20.20%;但茶皂素对总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸浓度的影响不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,茶皂素各组的瘤胃液原虫、溶纤维丁酸弧菌含量均显著降低(P0.05),甲烷菌、白色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、真菌含量没有显著变化(P0.05)。综上所述,补饲茶皂素改善了奶牛瘤胃发酵模式,并显著影响了奶牛瘤胃微生物区系,30 g/d的剂量对奶牛较为适宜。 相似文献
6.
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加甘蔗糖蜜酵母发酵浓缩液（CMS）对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物区系的影响。试验选取60头体况、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组15头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,在基础饲粮干物质基础上,遵循等能等氮原则配制分别添加1%、3%和5%CMS(CMS1组、CMS2组和CMS3组)的试验饲粮。预试期14 d,正试期54 d。结果显示：1)CMS1组的干物质采食量、产奶量、4%标准乳产量比对照组分别提高了6.0%、7.7%和7.9%(P>0.05)。2) CMS1组和CMS2组瘤胃液中微生物蛋白（MCP）含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。瘤胃液中氨态氮含量随着CMS添加量的增加而逐渐降低（P>0.05）。3）与对照组相比,CMS1组泌乳奶牛瘤胃液菌群多样性提高。4）门水平上,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为优势菌群。属水平上,普雷沃氏菌属（Prevotella）和琥珀酸菌属（Succiniclasticum）为优势菌属。结果提示,饲粮添加1%CMS更有利于泌乳奶牛的瘤胃发酵和产奶性能提... 相似文献
7.
饲粮氮硫比对藏羔羊瘤胃发育及微生物菌群结构和功能的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《动物营养学报》2021,33(2)
本试验旨在研究饲粮氮硫比对藏羔羊瘤胃发育及瘤胃微生物菌群结构和功能的影响。选取初始条件相似的60日龄断奶藏羊羔羊150只,随机分为5组,每组30只。各组饲粮的氮硫比分别为10.5∶1.0(A组)、9.0∶1.0(B组)、7.5∶1.0(C组)、6.0∶1.0(D组)、4.5∶1.0(E组)。预试期5 d,正试期120 d。试验结束时,每组随机屠宰6只,采集瘤胃组织和瘤胃内容物,分析饲粮氮硫比对瘤胃组织形态和瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量以及瘤胃细菌群落结构及其功能的影响。结果显示:1)B组瘤胃乳头长度、黏膜下层厚度以及肌层厚度显著高于其他4组(P 0.05),B、C、D组瘤胃乳头宽度显著高于A、E组(P0.05),B、E组瘤胃乳头密度显著高于其他3组(P0.05),C组瘤胃角化层厚度显著高于其他4组(P0.05)。2)B组瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸含量显著高于其他4组(P0.05)。3) B、C组Shannon指数显著高于A组(P0.05),A组Simpson指数显著高于其他4组(P0.05),B组Chao1指数和ACE指数显著高于其他4组(P0.05)。4)各组的优势菌门均为为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),A组厚壁菌门相对丰度显著高于C组(P0.05)。各组的优势菌科均为毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、克里斯滕森氏菌科(Christensenellacea)、韦荣氏球菌科(Veillonellaceae)、瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae),D组毛螺菌科相对丰度显著高于A、B、E组(P0.05),A组韦荣氏球菌科相对丰度显著高于C、D组(P0.05)。5)功能预测分析结果显示,瘤胃内菌群功能主要集中在碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢。综上所述,饲粮氮硫比为9.0∶1.0时瘤胃组织形态发育较好,瘤胃液中VFA含量较高,瘤胃微生物的相对丰度及多样性较高。因此,饲粮氮硫比为9.0∶1.0更能经济有效地促进瘤胃发育和改善羔羊瘤胃微生物区系结构。 相似文献
8.
《饲料工业》2019,(19):42-48
文章旨在研究饲粮中添加沙葱及其提取物对肉羊瘤胃微生物菌群及瘤胃液消化酶活性的影响。试验选用24只体重为(37.1±0.5) kg的杜寒杂交(小尾寒羊♀×杜泊羊♂)F1代,随机分为4组,每组6个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,沙葱组在基础饲粮中添加10 g/(d·只)沙葱粉,水溶组在基础饲粮中添加3.4 g/(d·只)沙葱水溶性提取物,脂溶组在基础饲粮中添加2.8 g/(d·只)沙葱脂溶性提取物。试验共75 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期60 d;在正饲期内每隔30 d于晨饲后2 h采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃微生物菌群和相关消化酶活性。结果表明:①与对照组相比,在30 d和60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱及其提取物显著提高(P<0.05)瘤胃液总细菌含量;在60 d时,添加沙葱水溶性提取物显著提高(P<0.05)瘤胃液总厌氧真菌含量;在60 d时,添加沙葱显著降低(P<0.05)瘤胃液原虫含量;对各处理组牛链球菌和普雷沃氏菌没有显著影响(P>0.05)。②与对照组相比,在30 d和60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱及其提取物能显著提高木聚糖酶活性和脂肪酶活性(P<0.05);在60 d时,添加沙葱及其提取物显著提高滤纸纤维素酶活性(P<0.05);在60 d时,饲粮中添加沙葱水溶性提取物显著提高β-葡萄糖苷酶活性(P<0.05)。在30 d和60 d时,添加沙葱及其提取物显著提高瘤胃内淀粉酶活性(P<0.05)。综上所述,沙葱及其提取物能够提高细菌和厌氧真菌的数量,降低原虫的数量而影响瘤胃微生物区系,且能够有效提高相关消化酶的活性。 相似文献
9.
《动物营养学报》2016,(9)
本试验旨在研究高精料饲粮添加槲皮素对山羊瘤胃发酵、瘤胃菌群数量及血清指标的影响。采用随机区组设计,将12头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的波杂山羊(波尔山羊×长江三角洲白山羊)随机分为对照组(不添加槲皮素)和试验组(槲皮素添加量为100 mg/kg BW),每组6头。试验期42 d,分别在第35、38和41天晨饲后0(08:00)、2、4和8 h采集瘤胃液;在第36、39和42天晨饲后0、6 h采集颈静脉血液。结果表明:与对照组相比,高精料饲粮添加槲皮素,显著提高了瘤胃液p H(P=0.047)及异丁酸(P=0.001)和戊酸(P=0.034)浓度;显著提高了血清总抗氧化能力(P=0.031)、还原型谷胱甘肽含量(P=0.002)和尿素氮浓度(P=0.006),同时显著降低了血清钾离子浓度(P=0.042);对瘤胃液厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门细菌数量无显著影响(P0.10)。结果提示,高精料饲粮条件下,添加槲皮素可提高山羊瘤胃液p H,增强机体抗氧化能力,对山羊健康具有潜在的保护效应。 相似文献
10.
补饲精料对大青山绒山羊瘤胃细菌及产甲烷菌多样性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《畜牧与兽医》2020,(8)
本研究利用高通量测序技术,对放牧和补饲条件下大青山绒山羊瘤胃细菌及甲烷菌多样性进行了分析。试验选用10只1岁平均体重为(38.2±1.6)kg的健康大青山绒山羊(羯羊),分成放牧组和补饲组。29 d试验结束后,从抽取的瘤胃液中提取微生物DNA,对瘤胃细菌、甲烷菌的16S rDNA序列V3至V4区进行HiSeq测序。结果表明:在门水平上,与放牧组相比,补饲显著提高了拟杆菌门和变形菌门丰度,显著降低了厚壁菌门和互养菌门的比例;在科水平上,普雷沃氏菌科(40.73%、62.77%)为主要细菌类别,补饲精料后其丰度显著提高,而显著降低了韦荣球菌科、瘤胃球菌科、理研球菌科和互养菌科。补饲显著增加了甲烷杆菌科而降低了甲烷八叠球菌科的丰度;在属水平上甲烷短杆菌属表现出绝对优势,补饲后显著升高,但甲烷微球菌属显著降低,其他甲烷菌属无显著差异。研究表明,补饲精料降低了瘤胃内与纤维分解相关细菌的丰度,产甲烷菌丰度在科、属水平上受补饲的影响也存在差异,但放牧与补饲条件下大青山绒山羊瘤胃中细菌和产甲烷菌的优势菌群并未发生变化。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献