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1.
氮添加和放牧是影响草地生态系统结构和功能的重要因素。本研究以宁夏云雾山典型草原为研究对象,采用标准化主轴估计和异速生长分析,探究了氮添加和放牧干扰对草地群落中7种优势植物根、茎、叶不同构件的生物量分配对策和异速生长模式（包括异速生长斜率和截距）的影响。结果表明：在封育地,氮添加处理显著提高了物种的叶生物量;而在放牧地,氮添加则使得物种的根生物量上升,而茎、叶生物量下降;植物各营养器官生物量均随植物个体生物量的增加而增加,且只有在放牧×氮添加处理下植物叶生物量与个体生物量之间的异速生长斜率和截距发生了显著改变,其余处理下植物的异速生长斜率均无明显差异。因此,植物营养器官的生物量分配主要依赖于植物个体大小,而氮添加和放牧对植物异速生长模式的影响相对较小。 相似文献
2.
植物各器官之间的异速生长关系决定了植物的生活史对策,进而影响种群内个体之间的共存和生物多样性的维持。传统方法无法区分植物性状对其的响应是环境造成的,还是由于个体大小差异造成的,而异速生长分析能够解决这一问题。为此,本研究利用异速生长分析方法,通过模拟沙米在退化草地恢复过程中不同的种群密度(16, 44.4, 100和400株/m2),研究其各器官之间的异速生长关系。结果表明,沙米各器官之间都具有显著的异速生长关系:其中根和地上、根和主茎、叶和根、主茎和地上等器官生物量之间的变化不随种群密度的变化而变化,属于表观可塑性;根和茎、茎和地上、叶和茎等器官生物量之间的异速生长及生物量比值均受种群密度的显著影响,属于真正可塑性,这表明种群密度变化的确影响了沙米的生长变化。研究同时发现,沙米叶和地上生物量之间的异速指数仅在44.4株/m2种群密度下接近于0.75,即叶生物量与个体大小呈3/4次幂关系,符合生态代谢理论,而在其他密度时异速指数与0.75有显著差异(P<0.001),表明环境变化可能会导致沙米生长策略发生改变。种群密度对沙米繁殖和其他器官之间的异速生长关系影响不显著,表明在不同种群密度下,沙米仍保持相同的繁殖策略;然而种群密度在沙米生育期对繁殖和其他器官之间的异速常数和个体大小均产生了极显著的影响。因此,在探讨繁殖器官与个体大小的关系时,还需要关注植物生育期的变化,只有生育期相同的时候,才能比较不同研究之间的差异。 相似文献
3.
以准噶尔荒漠广泛分布的短命植物小车前(Plantago minuta)为研究对象,通过野外调查取样,系统分析了植物构件形态、生物量分配特征及其异速比例关系。结果表明,小车前体型较小,全株生物量仅有0.402 3g;根冠比为0.157,繁殖分配和叶片生物量分别占44.2%和36.9%,生物量分配具有个体大小依赖。小车前形态指标之间、构件生物量之间及二者之间多具有显著相关性(P0.05)和异速比例关系,其中构件生物量间多为等比例关系(异速指数=1),形态指标间多为指数1的异速比例关系,而形态特征与生物量间多为指数1的异速比例关系,本研究部分验证了理论预测。构件水平差异化的异速比例关系体现了小车前不同构件对外界环境和内在发育规律的不同响应和适应特征。 相似文献
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不同密度下入侵植物北美车前生物量分配与异速生长关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以入侵植物北美车前(Plantago virginica)为研究对象,采用全株挖掘法获取不同种群密度(30、100和220株·m-2)下的完整植株,系统分析了根、叶和繁殖器官的生物量分配及异速生长关系的差异性和权衡特征。结果表明,3种密度梯度下北美车前各器官生物量及其分配比例均差异显著(P 0.05),各器官生物量、单叶生物量和单株总生物量,叶、根的分配比例及根冠比均随密度增大而降低,表现出明显的密度制约效应;繁殖分配比例及繁殖叶片比随密度增大呈显著增加趋势(P 0.05),表明高种内竞争压力下北美车前将更多资源分配给繁殖器官。3种密度梯度下北美车前各器官生物量之间均具有显著的异速生长关系(P 0.05);密度升高北美车前可在一定程度上提高光合器官的生物量分配速率并降低繁殖生物量分配速率。可见,北美车前通过调整地上与地下、光合器官与繁殖器官之间的资源分配速率和比例来提高应对种内竞争压力增大的适应能力,并体现出较强的资源分配可塑性,这可能也是其高入侵能力的重要体现。研究结果为进一步揭示北美车前繁殖策略及入侵机制提供了基础数据。 相似文献
6.
准噶尔荒漠6种类短命植物生物量分配与异速生长关系 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
类短命植物是我国荒漠植物区系中重要而独特的组成部分。准噶尔荒漠是类短命植物在中亚干旱区分布的最东端。目前关于类短命植物生物量分配及异速生长关系的研究较少。选择了百合科的小山蒜、棱叶韭、粗柄独尾草、黑鳞顶冰花、伊犁郁金香以及菊科的细叶鸦葱共6种植物作为研究对象,对比研究了其生物量分配及异速生长关系的异同。结果表明,6种类短命植物单株总生物量在0.628～21.144 g之间,根冠比在0.355～3.066之间,叶片生物量比例在0.092～0.289之间,繁殖分配比例在0.111～0.649之间。6种植物用于繁殖器官和光合器官的生物量分配各不相同,表明不同科、不同属及同属不同种之间的生物量大小及器官分配比例无一致规律。大部分物种根冠比随个体增大而显著下降,而繁殖分配则呈显著的异速增加的趋势。6种植物器官生物量间(共45对)大部分(40对)表现为等速生长关系(即异速生长指数为1),而且地上与地下生物量间及叶片与地下生物量间还各自具有共同的异速生长指数(分别为0.8764和0.8585),表现出强烈的功能趋同性。但6个物种间没有出现完全一致的相关生长关系,这可能归因于由系统分类地位决定的遗传特性的差异。 相似文献
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为真实反映苜蓿的结构和生长过程,经2年土柱栽培试验,对阿尔冈金紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa‘Algonquin,)的结构和生物量进行动态测定,划分了苜蓿的生长单元.在生长单元上模拟苜蓿的结构变化与不同阶段的生物量生产过程.以生长单元归一化的扩展速率与相应的库强乘积大小作为权重,竞争获取可用的生物量,实现生物量的分配.采用异速生长关系实现苜蓿的几何形态与生物量的动态关联,从而建立苜蓿的功能-结构模型.最后利用第1年的土柱栽培试验获取模型参数,模拟了第2年土柱栽培试验苜蓿同类器官累积生物量的动态变化过程,并对苜蓿生长过程进行可视化仿真.结果表明:不同指标的测定值与模拟值的均方根差值在5.79～123.28 g之间变化,相对误差值在0.02～0.67之间变化,模拟值与实测值间有较好的吻合性.所建立的功能-结构模型能够定量化预测苜蓿结构变化与生物量生产及分配的动态反馈过程,从植物生长的机理层次实现苜蓿生长过程的动态模拟. 相似文献
9.
紫花苜蓿与醉马草的竞争效应 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
研究了紫花苜蓿与醉马草两者之间的种间竞争效应,结果表明,紫花苜蓿的单株生物量、相对产量(RY)和竞争平衡指数(CB)均显著高于醉马草的对应指标,竞争效应参数相对产量总和(RYT)显著小于1;随着各处理种植密度的增大,上述指标愈加明显。在4,8和12株/盆密度条件下,醉马草单株总生物量比其在单种处理时对应密度下的单株生物量分别降低了38.5%,41.4%和56.0%,而紫花苜蓿单株生物量在混种时降低不明显。说明紫花苜蓿对醉马草具有持续的强烈的竞争抑制作用,在长期的竞争演替中,醉马草可能被紫花苜蓿替代。 相似文献
10.
杨红先 《河南畜牧兽医(综合版)》2001,22(10)
当前，种草养畜作为农业结构调整，增加农民收入的亮点产业，在全国得以广泛推广。但人工牧草在种植过程中普遍存在重视单种忽视混种的倾向。科学地讲，除了极少数牧草适宜单种外，大多牧草混种比单种效益要高。在此对人工牧草的混种技术作一简单介绍。１混种牧草的优越性１．１能增加产量并保持产量的均衡与稳定性牧草生长年限不同，同一生长季节内盛衰期亦不同，将生长年限不同、生长盛衰期不同的牧草进行混种，可充分利用时间因素，使草地长成较快，草地的利用时期延长；不同牧草混种，可运用自然植物群落层片结构和根群分布规律，充分利… 相似文献
11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
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Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
14.
Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
15.
B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
16.
Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
17.
Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
18.
Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
20.
Bazin H 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2003,26(5-6):293-308
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing. 相似文献