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兽用抗菌药耐药性已经成为一个全球普遍关注的公共健康问题,各国际组织都积极采取相应的措施控制耐药性的产生和蔓延。介绍了国际组织世界动物卫生组织OIE制定的五个国际标准,包括协调抗菌药耐药性监督和检测程序指南、畜牧业抗菌药消耗量监测指南、兽用抗菌药慎用指南、抗菌药敏感性检测的实验室方法指南、动物源抗菌药耐药性对公共健康潜在影响的风险分析方法指南,以期为我国政策制定者和决策者参照国际标准制定出符合我国国情的耐药性相关指南。 相似文献
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结合抗菌药耐药性研究前沿,从抗菌药作用、耐药性的产生、耐药菌的适应性、耐药性的转移、耐药性的流行监测五个方面,系统介绍了抗菌药耐药性预测框架的构成环节和形成要素,为新药入市前的耐药性风险评定以及耐药性控制办法的制定提供与参考。 相似文献
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欧盟兽用抗菌药耐药性管理概述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
介绍负责管理欧盟兽用抗菌药耐药性的欧洲药品局下设的兽用药品委员会、健康与消费者保护司和食品安全局等相关管理机构以及成立耐药性管理工作组、进行耐药性风险分析、制定相关文件和实施耐药性监测等的管理措施,为我国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供参考. 相似文献
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在美国,有几种抗菌药被允许用于家禽加工以减少食源性病原菌。但是,我们对这些抗菌药在加工厂中减少弯曲杆菌的效果知之甚少。 相似文献
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细菌耐药性在环境中的传递及其应对措施 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目前,抗菌药的滥用情况不容乐观,因而细菌对抗菌药的耐药性越来越普遍,超级细菌的报道也屡见不鲜。细菌耐药性的产生速度已经超过了新型抗菌药研发并投入临床使用的速度。细菌耐药性在环境中的传递是细菌耐药性广泛存在的一个重要原因。论文以细菌耐药性的传递为讨论对象,从细菌耐药性在环境中的传递方式和畜牧行业对细菌耐药性在环境中传递的影响两个方面,分析了细菌耐药性的传递特性及其对人类和动物健康的威胁,并对目前应对细菌耐药性的一些方法进行了阐述,同时对未来抗菌药耐药基因去除的研究方向进行了展望,以期能对细菌耐药性的控制提供一定的参考。 相似文献
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Antimicrobial agent usage data are essential for focusing efforts to reduce misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in food producing animals because these practices may select for resistance in bacteria of animals. Transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans can lead to human infection caused by resistant pathogens. Resistant infections can lead to treatment failures, resulting in prolonged or more severe illness. Multiple World Health Organization (WHO) reports have concluded that both antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage should be monitored on the national level. The system for collecting antimicrobial usage data should be clear and transparent to facilitate trend analysis and comparison within and among countries. Therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion use should be recorded, along with route of administration and animal species and/or production class treated. The usage data should be compared to resistance data, and the comparison should be made available in a timely manner. In the United States, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacteria is performed by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria, however, the United States still lacks a mechanism for collecting antimicrobial usage data. Combined with antimicrobial resistance information from NARMS, antimicrobial usage data will help to direct education efforts and policy decisions, minimizing the risk that people will develop antimicrobial resistant infections as a result of eating food of animal origin. Ultimately mitigation strategies guided by usage data will be more effective in maintaining antimicrobial drugs for appropriate veterinary use and in protecting human health. 相似文献
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《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2015,24(3):408-426
Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen which can readily pass from animal to man through the consumption of contaminated food. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica associated with poultry and poultry meat products has been well-documented and this prevalence has both public health and economic implications. The estimated total cost for nontyphoidal Salmonella is in excess of 14 billion dollars/year in the United States alone. Almost 41,930 cases of nontyphoidal foodborne salmonellosis are confirmed annually with an estimated total number of 1 million cases of foodborne salmonellosis not reported. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella recovered from meat products has heightened concerns regarding antimicrobial use in food animal production. This review will cover the history and taxonmy of Salmonella enterica, Salmonella in poultry and poultry products, colonization factors, transmission, detection and characterization, antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms of resistance in Salmonella by class, transmission of antimicrobial resistance, and the global implications of antimicrobial resistance. 相似文献
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Singer RS Cox LA Dickson JS Hurd HS Phillips I Miller GY 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2007,79(2-4):186-203
To achieve further reductions in foodborne illness levels in humans, effective pre-harvest interventions are needed. The health status of food animals that are destined to enter the human food supply chain may be an important, although often overlooked, factor in predicting the risk of human foodborne infections. The health status of food animals can potentially influence foodborne pathogen levels in three ways. First, diseased animals may shed higher levels of foodborne pathogens. Second, animals that require further handling in the processing plant to remove affected parts may lead to increased microbial contamination and cross-contamination. Finally, certain animal illnesses may lead to a higher probability of mistakes in the processing plant, such as gastrointestinal ruptures, which would lead to increased microbial contamination and cross-contamination. Consequently, interventions that reduce the incidence of food animal illnesses might also help reduce bacterial contamination on meat, thereby reducing human illness. Some of these interventions, however, might also present a risk to human health. For example, the use of antibiotics in food animals can reduce rates of animal illness but can also select for antibiotic-resistant bacteria which can threaten human treatment options. In this study, we present a mathematical model to evaluate human health risks from foodborne pathogens associated with changes in animal illness. The model is designed so that potential human health risks and benefits from interventions such as the continued use of antibiotics in animal agriculture can be evaluated simultaneously. We applied the model to a hypothetical example of Campylobacter from chicken. In general, the model suggests that very minor perturbations in microbial loads on meat products could have relatively large impacts on human health, and consequently, small improvements in food animal health might result in significant reductions in human illness. 相似文献
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弯曲菌是重要的食品源性致病微生物,在很多动物中属于正常携带细菌,能通过食物链传递给人类,可引起人类肠炎的暴发流行和食物中毒。在畜牧养殖业大量抗菌药物的使用,造成动物源弯曲菌耐药性日益增加,给人类带来健康风险。发达国家很早就开展了动物源性弯曲菌流行性和耐药性监测工作,很多发展中国家也对弯曲菌流行性和耐药性监测越来越重视,文章将就近年来国内外动物源性弯曲菌的流行及耐药情况调查工作做简单的总结,为中国动物源性弯曲菌流行性和耐药性工作的开展提供比较及理论分析数据。 相似文献
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The total quantity of use in companion animals is generally believed to be relatively small in comparison with antimicrobial use in food animals. Use in companion animals is principally for treatment, whereas the greater proportion of use in food animals is for prophylaxis, metaphylaxis and growth promotion. Therefore, it is important to collect data on end use in companion animals so that overall estimates of use in companion animals can be generated and separated from estimates for food animals. However, data from antimicrobial use in companion animals are extremely limited and no serious attempts to collect such data have ever been made in the United States. The lack of usage data in is concomitant with the dearth of information on antimicrobial resistance in companion animals. Companion animals have been involved in the transmission to humans of, or become infected with, foodborne zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Companion animals are an integral part of the ecology of antimicrobial resistance through their contact with food animals and exposure to antimicrobials for disease treatment and through contact with humans and the environment. In the practice of companion animal medicine, antimicrobial use data are important for understanding the potential impact on companion animal heath posed by antimicrobial resistance transferred from food animals, humans and the environment, and the threat to humans and other companion animals posed by antimicrobial use in companion animals. Basic information on the patterns and quantities of antimicrobial use in combination with resistance surveillance data, could help companion animal veterinarians understand the potential for development, or evidence of, an antimicrobial resistance problem in their practices, the role of companion animals in the overall epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance, and for comparison with local, regional, or national data. The combination of data from either a sentinel site system of clinics or a use survey with national data from the pharmaceutical industry should provide sufficient data to credibly estimate the total volume and patterns of antimicrobial use in companion animal medicine. The time and effort for use monitoring or to complete a survey would likely become burdensome. Practice management software now utilized at most companion animal clinics could be used to generate antimicrobial use data as well as patient population data as surrogate for the true population at risk for patient encounters in a companion animal practice. 相似文献
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The management of risk arising from the use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine in EU/EEA countries – a review 
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下载免费PDF全文 K. Törneke J. Torren‐Edo K. Grave D. K. J. Mackay 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2015,38(6):519-528
Antimicrobials are essential medicines for the treatment of many microbial infections in humans and animals. Only a small number of antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of action have been authorized in recent years for use in either humans or animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) arising from the use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine is a concern for public health due to the detection of increasing levels of resistance in foodborne zoonotic bacteria, particularly gram‐negative bacteria, and due to the detection of determinants of resistance such as Extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases (ESBL) in bacteria from animals and in foodstuffs of animal origin. The importance and the extent of the emergence and spread of AMR from animals to humans has yet to be quantified. Likewise, the relative contribution that the use of antimicrobial agents in animals makes to the overall risk to human from AMR is currently a subject of debate that can only be resolved through further research. Nevertheless, risk managers have agreed that the impact on public health of the use of antimicrobials in animals should be minimized as far as possible and a variety of measures have been introduced by different authorities in the EU to achieve this objective. This article reviews a range of measures that have been implemented within European countries to reduce the occurrence and the risk of transmission of AMR to humans following the use of antimicrobial agents in animals and briefly describes some of the alternatives to the use of antimicrobial agents that are being developed. 相似文献
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Spread of resistant bacteria and resistance genes from animals to humans--the public health consequences 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Mølbak K 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2004,51(8-9):364-369
The paper reviews the lines of evidence which link the use of antimicrobial drugs for food animals with the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance in bacteria pathogenic to humans, with a particular focus on the public health aspects. Deductions from the epidemiology of food-borne infections, ecological studies, outbreak investigations, typing studies and direct epidemiological observations show that resistant bacteria are transferred from food animals to man. In addition to transfer in the food chain, exchange of mobile genetic elements among commensal and pathogenic bacteria contributes to the emergence of drug resistance. There is growing evidence that this has measurable consequences for human public health. One consequence is increased transmission supported by unrelated use of anti-microbials in humans. Other consequences are related to reduced efficacy of early empirical treatment, limitations in the choices for treatment after confirmed microbiological diagnosis, and finally a possible coselection of virulence traits. Recent epidemiological studies have measured these consequences in terms of excess mortality associated with resistance, increased duration of illness, and increased risk of invasive illness or hospitalization following infections with resistant Salmonella. 相似文献
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在食品动物使用抗菌药,可能导致耐药菌产生,耐药菌在人畜间的传递导致产生交叉耐药性.FDA对此制定了安全性评价指导原则.本文简要介绍了抗菌新兽药对与人类健康相关细菌微生物学影响的安全性评价指导原则.该指导原则主要内容包括:释放评价、暴露评价、后果评价、危险评估及危险管理措施制定等.毫无疑问,这一指导原则对我国抗菌新兽药管理和食品安全管理会有所启迪. 相似文献