共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 492 毫秒
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兽用抗菌药耐药性已经成为一个全球普遍关注的公共健康问题,各国际组织都积极采取相应的措施控制耐药性的产生和蔓延。介绍了国际组织世界动物卫生组织OIE制定的五个国际标准,包括协调抗菌药耐药性监督和检测程序指南、畜牧业抗菌药消耗量监测指南、兽用抗菌药慎用指南、抗菌药敏感性检测的实验室方法指南、动物源抗菌药耐药性对公共健康潜在影响的风险分析方法指南,以期为我国政策制定者和决策者参照国际标准制定出符合我国国情的耐药性相关指南。 相似文献
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介绍日本兽用抗菌药耐药性监控系统并分析日本食品动物源细菌耐药现状和抗菌药使用情况,以期为我国动物源细菌耐药性监控管理提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
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欧盟兽用抗菌药耐药性管理概述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
介绍负责管理欧盟兽用抗菌药耐药性的欧洲药品局下设的兽用药品委员会、健康与消费者保护司和食品安全局等相关管理机构以及成立耐药性管理工作组、进行耐药性风险分析、制定相关文件和实施耐药性监测等的管理措施,为我国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供参考. 相似文献
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监测兽用抗菌药使用情况是了解细菌耐药性的必要工作。为了解全球兽用抗菌药使用情况,分析了世界动物卫生组织（WOAH）第6版《兽用抗菌药使用情况监测报告》。分析发现：2020年美洲较多国家/地区允许使用抗菌药饲料添加剂,但趋向使用黄霉素等不易产生耐药性的非重要抗菌药;亚太地区允许使用抗菌药物添加剂的国家/地区数量下降最多,对使用抗菌药添加剂的管理日趋规范;亚太地区养殖量与美洲相当,是欧洲的2倍,但2018年兽用抗菌药总用量是美洲的2倍、欧洲的6倍,单位动物用量是美洲的1.5倍、欧洲的2倍,总体用药量和单位用药量均偏高。值得肯定的是,亚太地区兽用抗菌药使用量下降幅度最大,较2016年下降59%,是美欧地区同比降幅的2倍,兽用抗菌药减量控制效果明显。 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to establish a repeatable, standardized laboratory procedure for monitoring the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from animals and food of animal origin in South Africa, with reagents prepared in-house. The emergence of resistance and the spread of resistant bacteria can be limited by implementing a veterinary antimicrobial drug policy, in which inter alia systematic monitoring and prudent use play essential roles. The bacteria included in this study represented three different categories, namely zoonotic bacteria (Salmonella), indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium) and veterinary pathogens (Mannheimia haemolytica). Thirty isolates of each species were collected with the aim of standardizing the laboratory methodology for a future national veterinary surveillance and monitoring programme. Susceptibility to ten selected antimicrobial drugs was determined by means of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using the microdilution method. The method according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards was used as the standard. Multi-well plates containing varying dilutions of antimicrobial drugs and prepared in-house for MIC determinations, yielded repeatable results. Storage of plates for 2 months at -70 degrees C did not influence results meaningfully. Within this limited sample of bacteria, MIC results did not indicate meaningful resistance against any of the ten selected antimicrobial drugs. The findings of the study will be used to establish a national veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme in South Africa. To allow for international comparison of data, harmonisation of the surveillance and monitoring programme in accordance with global trends is encouraged. Ideally it should be combined with a programme monitoring the quantities of antimicrobial drugs used. The aim is to contribute to slowing down the emergence of resistance and the problems associated with this phenomenon by means of the rational use of antimicrobial drugs. 相似文献
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介绍了2011年国际食品法典委员会(CAC)制定的《食源性抗菌药耐药性风险分析指南》主要内容,为非人用抗菌药相关的食源性抗菌药耐药性应用及我国制定抗菌新兽药的安全评价原则、风险评估方案和管理政策提供参考. 相似文献
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Antimicrobial agent usage data are essential for focusing efforts to reduce misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in food producing animals because these practices may select for resistance in bacteria of animals. Transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans can lead to human infection caused by resistant pathogens. Resistant infections can lead to treatment failures, resulting in prolonged or more severe illness. Multiple World Health Organization (WHO) reports have concluded that both antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage should be monitored on the national level. The system for collecting antimicrobial usage data should be clear and transparent to facilitate trend analysis and comparison within and among countries. Therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion use should be recorded, along with route of administration and animal species and/or production class treated. The usage data should be compared to resistance data, and the comparison should be made available in a timely manner. In the United States, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacteria is performed by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria, however, the United States still lacks a mechanism for collecting antimicrobial usage data. Combined with antimicrobial resistance information from NARMS, antimicrobial usage data will help to direct education efforts and policy decisions, minimizing the risk that people will develop antimicrobial resistant infections as a result of eating food of animal origin. Ultimately mitigation strategies guided by usage data will be more effective in maintaining antimicrobial drugs for appropriate veterinary use and in protecting human health. 相似文献
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Boerlin P 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2004,5(1):95-102
Molecular epidemiology allows us to trace specific microorganisms and mobile genetic elements and to assess their epidemiological and evolutionary relationships. Examples of molecular epidemiology investigations in veterinary hospitals are discussed. They demonstrate the great similarities with the situation in human medicine and the potential usefulness of molecular epidemiology in our fight against antimicrobial resistance and nosocomial infections in veterinary hospitals. A broad knowledge of the diversity of antimicrobial resistance determinants in some major groups of pathogens and commensals from animals such as Enterobacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, enterococci and staphylococci is emerging. However, there are important gaps in this knowledge, which are discussed here. Many more molecular epidemiology studies will be necessary to understand and follow the evolution of the problem in veterinary medicine and agriculture on a global scale. To be able to build useful surveillance programs and reliable epidemiological models, and to identify critical intervention points, we need to improve our understanding of antimicrobial resistance at the animal and farm levels. Studies assessing the dynamics of bacterial populations and of resistance determinants at these levels are desperately needed. Understanding the relationships between antimicrobial resistance, colonization factors, and virulence also represents a major issue for which molecular epidemiology investigations will be needed. 相似文献
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在食品动物使用抗菌药,可能导致耐药菌产生,耐药菌在人畜间的传递导致产生交叉耐药性.FDA对此制定了安全性评价指导原则.本文简要介绍了抗菌新兽药对与人类健康相关细菌微生物学影响的安全性评价指导原则.该指导原则主要内容包括:释放评价、暴露评价、后果评价、危险评估及危险管理措施制定等.毫无疑问,这一指导原则对我国抗菌新兽药管理和食品安全管理会有所启迪. 相似文献
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Antimicrobial drug use in veterinary medicine 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Morley PS Apley MD Besser TE Burney DP Fedorka-Cray PJ Papich MG Traub-Dargatz JL Weese JS;American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2005,19(4):617-629
Recognizing the importance of antimicrobial resistance and the need for veterinarians to aid in efforts for maintaining the usefulness of antimicrobial drugs in animals and humans, the Board of Regents of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine charged a special committee with responsibility for drafting this position statement regarding antimicrobial drug use in veterinary medicine. The Committee believes that veterinarians are obligated to balance the well-being of animals under their care with the protection of other animals and public health. Therefore, if an animal's medical condition can be reasonably expected to improve as a result of treatment with antimicrobial drugs, and the animal is under a veterinarian's care with an appropriate veterinarian-client-patient relationship, veterinarians have an obligation to offer antimicrobial treatment as a therapeutic option. Veterinarians also have an obligation to actively promote disease prevention efforts, to treat as conservatively as possible, and to explain the potential consequences associated with antimicrobial treatment to animal owners and managers, including the possibility of promoting selection of resistant bacteria. However, the consequences of losing usefulness of an antimicrobial drug that is used as a last resort in humans or animals with resistant bacterial infections might be unacceptable from a public or population health perspective. Veterinarians could therefore face the difficult choice of treating animals with a drug that is less likely to be successful, possibly resulting in prolonged or exacerbated morbidity, to protect the good of society. The Committee recommends that voluntary actions be taken by the veterinary profession to promote conservative use of antimicrobial drugs to minimize the potential adverse effects on animal or human health. The veterinary profession must work to educate all veterinarians about issues related to conservative antimicrobial drug use and antimicrobial resistance so that each individual is better able to balance ethical obligations regarding the perceived benefit to their patients versus the perceived risk to public health. Specific means by which the veterinary profession can promote stewardship of this valuable resource are presented and discussed in this document. 相似文献
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Approaches in the safety evaluations of veterinary antimicrobial agents in food to determine the effects on the human intestinal microflora 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The administration of antimicrobial agents to livestock creates potential for antibiotic residues to enter the food supply and be consumed by humans. Therefore, as a process of food animal drug registration, national regulatory agencies and international committees evaluate data regarding the chemical, microbiologic, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmacologic, toxicologic, and antimicrobial properties of veterinary drugs to assess the safety of ingested antimicrobial residues to consumers. Currently, European, Australian and United States guidelines for veterinary drug registration require a safety assessment of microbiologic hazards from consumption of antimicrobial residues taking into account the potentially adverse effects on human intestinal microflora. The main concerns addressed are selection of resistant bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and disruption of the colonization barrier of the resident intestinal microflora. Current requirements differ among national agencies. Efforts are ongoing internationally to review and harmonize approaches and test methods and protocols for application to these microbiologic safety evaluations of antimicrobial drug residues in food. This review describes the background to current regulatory approaches used in applying in vitro and in vivo methods to set a microbiologic acceptable daily intake for residues in food derived from animals treated with an antimicrobial agent. This paper also examines the current research needs to support these evaluations. 相似文献