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1.
程益智  王勇 《中国养羊》1998,18(2):27-28
对青海省６０只山羊九项肝功能试验指标的测定结果为：ＧＰＴ活性（ｎｍｏｌｓ－１／Ｌ）１４６３２±６９６４,ＧＯＴ活性（ｎｍｏｌｓ－１／Ｌ）３４４９７±１１７９２,ＺｎＴＴ（孔氏单位）１３１７±３９４,ＴＴＴ（麦氏单位）１８３±０８４,血清总蛋白（ｇ／Ｌ）７１７８±３２５,血清白蛋白（ｇ／Ｌ）４４１９±３３５,血清球蛋白（ｇ／Ｌ）２７５９±３９９,血清各蛋白组分分别为（％）白蛋白６１５５±４６５、α１－球蛋白４０４±０７８、α２－球蛋白２１２±０６３、β１－球蛋白６８４±１２４、β２－球蛋白３４７±０８８、γ－球蛋白２１９８±４４９,Ａ／Ｇ１６４±０３１。公、母山羊之间的各项肝功能试验指标没有显著差异  相似文献   

2.
仔猪断奶应激对血液和生化的影响   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  
随机选取 １０ 头健康的４２～４５ 天断奶长白仔猪,分别于断奶时、断奶后７ 天、１４ 天上午采血,检验血液学、血清生化等多项指标,结果如下：仔猪血清 Ａ Ｓ Ｔ、 Ｃ Ｋ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｈ 活性在断奶后 ７ 天时都升高,其中 Ａ Ｓ Ｔ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｈ活性与断奶时相比差异极显著（ Ｐ＜ ００１）;血清 Ａ Ｍ Ｙ Ｌ 活性,断奶后均比断奶时高,但无统计学上差异（ Ｐ＞００５）;血清 Ｔ Ｐ、 Ｇ Ｌ Ｏ Ｂ、 Ａ Ｌ Ｂ、 Ｂ Ｕ Ｎ、 Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ Ｌ 含量在断奶后极显著或显著降低（ Ｐ＜ ００１ 或 Ｐ＜ ００５）; Ｇ Ｌ Ｕ、 Ｃ Ｒ Ｅ Ａ、 Ｔ Ｃ Ｏ２ 含量降低,但无统计学上差异（ Ｐ＞ ００５）。血液 Ｒ Ｂ Ｃ、 Ｈ Ｇ Ｂ、 Ｈ Ｃ Ｔ、 Ｍ Ｃ Ｖ 断奶后极显著降低（ Ｐ＜００１）, Ｍ Ｃ Ｈ Ｃ 断奶后极显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ００１）; Ｗ Ｂ Ｃ、 Ｐ Ｌ Ｔ 等断奶后虽有变化,但均无统计学上差异（ Ｐ＞００５）。结果表明,仔猪在断奶后一段时间,处于营养缺乏性单纯小红细胞性贫血状态。  相似文献   

3.
冷热应激对蛋鸡生理生化指标的影响   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
１８周龄的伊莎蛋鸡在１３～１８℃、６０％～７０％ＲＨ的环境条件下，饲养至２３周龄（产蛋率为７０％）时，随机分为８组，（每组８只），用于模拟蛋鸡在南京地区自然急性冷热应激条件下的部分生理生化指标变化。试鸡分别在３０℃－７０％ＲＨ、３５℃－７０％ＲＨ、３５℃－９０％ＲＨ和２℃－５５％～７２％ＲＨ条件下进行试验，每种处理均设有一组适宜温度组为对照，试验期均为７天。结果表明，急性热应激时，蛋鸡血液的ＰＣＶ、ＰＣＯ２、ＬＤＨ的活性、血糖、血清钙、Ｔ４、Ｔ３和Ｅ－１７β的含量均与对照组有显著（Ｐ＜００５）或极显著（Ｐ＜００１）降低；直肠温度较对照组有极显著升高（Ｐ＜００１）。急性冷应激时，蛋鸡直肠温度较为恒定，血液ｐＨ、ＰＣＯ２、Ｈｂ、ＰＣＶ、血糖、Ｃｏｒ含量和ＬＤＨ活性略有升高，但除血糖外差异均不显著（Ｐ＞００５），血清钙、Ｔ４、Ｔ３和Ｅ－１７β的含量降低，且Ｔ４和Ｅ－１７β的含量与对照组差异极显著（Ｐ＜００１）。  相似文献   

4.
比较了 １～３ 月龄（ ｎ ＝ １５）和 ４～６ 月龄（ ｎ ＝ １５）鸵鸟血液的 ３８ 项生化参数。结果，１～３ 月龄和 ４～６ 月龄鸵鸟之间血清 Ｃ Ｋ、 Ｔ Ｇ、 Ｂ Ｕ Ｎ、 Ｂ Ｕ Ｎ／ Ｃ Ｒ Ｅ、 Ｕ Ａ、 Ｍ ｇ、 Ｐ含量差异极显著（ Ｐ ＜ ００１）；血清 Ｔ Ｂ Ａ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｌ Ｃ、 Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ、 Ｔ Ｔ Ｔ、 Ｎａ、 Ｋ 含量的组间差异显著（ Ｐ ＜ ００５）；其他指标 ２ 组间差异不显著。该结果提示，不同月龄鸵鸟的营养物质代谢过程存在一定差异。  相似文献   

5.
甜菜碱促进猪生长的机理   总被引：15，自引：5，他引：10  
９６ 头“杜长大”生长猪按饲养试验要求分成 ４ 组（每组 ３ 个重复）,分别饲 以添加 ０、１ ０００、１ ５００、２ ０００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ甜菜碱的基础日粮,试验期 ６２ ｄ。结果表明,１ ０００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 剂量组试验猪生长性能最佳,日增重较对照组提高了 １３２０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, 料重比降低了 ７９３％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。该组猪血清 Ｇ Ｈ、 Ｉ Ｇ Ｆ Ｉ、 Ｔ３ 、 Ｔ４ 水平分别升高了 １０１７６％ （ Ｐ＜ ００１）, ４４７５％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, ２６５３％ （ Ｐ＜ ００１） 和 １６８３％ （ Ｐ＜ ００５）; 血清游离丝氨酸含量提高了 １４２８％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００５）; 血清总蛋白上升了 ２１６９％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, 血清尿素氮含量降低 了 ４７６７％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）; 背最 长肌 和 肝脏 中 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ 含量 及 背最 长肌 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ／ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 比 率分 别升 高了１２６０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００５）, １７８０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００２） 和 １９７９％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００２）; 肝脏 和腺 垂体 ｃ Ａ Ｍ Ｐ 含 量提 高了４７５３％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１） 和 ６５２１％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。研究结果提示,甜菜碱似作用  相似文献   

6.
绵羊铅镉联合中毒的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
研究了白银矿区周围绵羊以消瘦和贫血为主要特征的疾病。通过检测食物链系统及绵羊全血、被毛和组织器官中１３种矿物元素（Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｆ、Ａｓ、Ｓｅ、Ａｌ、Ｃａ、Ｐ）的含量，分析血液生理生化指标的变化，揭示出现地牧草中Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ的含量高，分别为（１１１．２±９８．４）μｇ／ｇ和（１２．０±１．２）μｇ／ｇ；动物体内的Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ沉积量亦极显著高于允许值（Ｐ＜０．０１）；动物呈低色素小细胞性贫血，血清ＬＤＨ、ＡＬＴ活性和Ｔ３含量显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清蛋白含量降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），以及实质器官变性、坏死，肾小管上皮细胞核包涵体等病理学特点。确认该病系工业环境污染所致的绵羊铅镉联合中毒  相似文献   

7.
双峰驼微量元素补充方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
双峰驼 ４０ 峰，随机均分为 ４ 组：Ⅰ组投服 Ｓｅ Ｃｕ Ｃｏ 复合微量元素缓释丸，Ⅱ组口服硫酸铜并肌肉注射亚硒酸钠，Ⅲ组口服硫酸铜，Ⅳ组对照。全血及被毛检测结果表明，与对照组相比，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血、毛 Ｓｅ 含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ Ｇ Ｓ Ｈ Ｐｘ）活性极显著升高 （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）； Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血、毛 Ｃｕ 含量和血清铜蓝蛋白（ Ｃ Ｐ）及三碘甲腺原氨酸（ Ｔ３ ）含量均显著升高 （ Ｐ ＜ ００１， Ｐ ＜ ００５）。据此认为，给双峰驼投服 Ｓｅ Ｃｕ  Ｃｏ 微量元素缓释丸与口服硫酸铜并肌注亚硒酸钠具有同样的效果。  相似文献   

8.
肉鸡饮服“必补-18”的抗应激效果研究(Ⅱ)   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  
本文研究了“必补＿１８”对应激条件下肉鸡的影响。结果表明：“必补＿１８”显著改善了０～３周龄肉鸡的增重、饲料转化率，显著提高了血清γ＿球蛋白水平和成活率，采食量未见有显著改变。５～８周龄肉鸡经历高温３２℃一周，其增重、饲料转化率和采食量均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），饮服“必补＿１８”显著提高了增重和饲料转化率（Ｐ＜０．０１），采食量未见有差异，高温一周过程中，３２℃１６小时血浆皮质酮，Ｔ３先显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）、Ｔ４显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），３２℃１２０小时时，血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３回升且显著高于常温组（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｔ４较１６小时显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）但仍高于常温组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在高温条件下饮服“必补＿１８”血浆皮质酮、Ｔ３和Ｔ４呈现与高温对照组同样规律的变化，但这种变化得到显著缓解（Ｐ＜０．０５）  相似文献   

9.
在４头装置长久性胃肠道瘘管和临时性颈静脉血管插管公绵羊研究表明，经十二指肠瘘管灌注半胱胺（８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重）后５ｄ内外周血液的血浆ＳＳ浓度降低３３．６８％（２３３．１±４．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ对１５４．６±＋５．２ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１）；胃泌素水平升高２３．９％（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＧＨ、胰岛素分别升高１２４．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和１４４．０８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｔ３、Ｔ４水平分别增加７１．８％（ｐ＜０．０１）和１７．５５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；β－ＥＮＤ水平第３天升高５８．１１％（５７．２９±１．６９ｐｇ／ｍｌ对３２．４４±２．５０ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１），第５天回落（Ｐ＜０．ｍ）。本实验证明半胱胺可抑制反刍动物ＳＳ水平，使外周血液ＧＨ、胃泌素、胰岛素、Ｔ_３、Ｔ_４和β－ＥＮＤ水平均相应升高，提示促进了反刍动物的消化代谢水平。  相似文献   

10.
应用放射免疫法测定枫泾（ＦＪ）和长白（Ｌ）青年母猪妊娠２８ｄ左右外周血清和胎儿羊水、尿囊液中硫酸雌酮（Ｅ１Ｓ）的含量；观察了两品种母猪胚胎存活数。结果，ＦＪ和Ｌ母猪血清、胎儿羊水及尿囊液中Ｅ１Ｓ含量（μｇ／Ｌ）分别为５．３±０．９９、８．０±１．０、３８．０±６．７和３．６±０．４６、５．６±０．９９、６１．４±１１．７，均处于较高水平，且两品种间无显著差异。尿囊液Ｅ１Ｓ含量极显著高于羊水和母体血清含量（Ｐ＜０．０１）；胚胎存活数（个），ＦＪ和Ｌ分别为１４．５±１．３和１０．４±１．３；血清Ｅ１Ｓ浓度与其胚胎存活数呈正相关：ｒＦＪ＝０．７４２６（Ｐ＜０．０１），ｒＬ＝０．４７４７（Ｐ＜０．０５）。上述结果表明，母猪妊娠早期孕体雌激素代谢功能很强，且以Ｅ１Ｓ形式存在于血清和胎水中。母猪血清Ｅ１Ｓ浓度不仅反映早期孕体分泌雌激素的功能，而且是预测早期胚胎存活数的有价值指标  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

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