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1.
青海扁茎早熟禾地下生物量季节动态变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在青海高寒地区对生长2年的青海扁茎早熟禾地下生物量积累季节动态进行研究,探讨其形成规律.结果表明:青海扁茎早熟禾主根、根茎、毛根及地下总生物量随着生育期的推进呈"U"型变化,枯黄期各器官生物量最大,分别为158.07g/m2、288.36g/m2、251.64g/m2、698.07g/m2.主根和根茎积累的关键时期分别为种子成熟后1个半月和牧草进入枯黄前的1个半月,毛根在整个生育期增长比较平缓.枯黄期,青海扁茎早熟禾地下根茎长度、分蘖芽数最大,分别为257.18m/m2和6430个/m2,其增加的关键时期为成熟期至枯黄期.青海扁茎早熟禾主根、根茎、毛根和地下总生物量与返青后天数间符合一元三次函数变化,分蘖芽和根茎长与返青后天数间分别符合一元二次和一元五次函数变化. 相似文献
2.
氮肥对燕麦生长速率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用8个施氮肥梯度在青海省湟中县进行燕麦施肥试验,测定了不同氮肥水平下燕麦在不同生育期的生长速率.结果表明:燕麦株高的快速生长期在拔节至开花期,最大生长率3.56cm/d出现在拔节至孕穗期;燕麦地上生物量和地下生物量的快速生长期在孕穗至开花期,地上生物量最大生长率101g/m2/d出现在抽穗期-开花期,地下生物量最大生长率3.37g/株/d出现在孕穗-抽穗期,均为施肥量120kg/hm2时最大.在燕麦生长早期,高施肥量对燕麦的生长无显著影响,但在快速生长期中高施肥量较低施肥量或不施肥有更显著效应.就燕麦草生产而言,以选择75 ～ 90kg/hm2的施氮量为佳;而就燕麦种子生产而言,以60kg/hm2的施氮量为佳. 相似文献
3.
袁娅娟白小明朱雅楠张毓婧闫玉邦张才忠李玉杰 《草原与草坪》2022,(3):35-44
为明确草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)含氮化合物在不同生育时期的变化规律及与根茎扩展的关系,对根茎扩展能力存在显著差异的3个野生草地早熟禾材料(LZYZ、DXWY和DXAD)不同生育时期根茎扩展及氮代谢相关指标进行测定。结果表明,草地早熟禾根茎扩展主要集中在返青期至抽穗期,该阶段LZYZ、DXWY和DXAD分蘖数分别增加176.08%、127.13%和65.90%;根茎数分别增加662.14%、544.94%和429.41%。拔节期至抽穗期是地上生物量快速积累阶段,该阶段3个材料地上生物量绝对增长率分别为136.22、78.71、68.33 g/(株·d);根茎生物量有两个快速积累时期,拔节期至抽穗期3个材料根茎生物量绝对增长率分别为26.33、13.48、4.42 g/(株·d);成熟期至枯黄期,3个材料分别为45.39、35.11、16.26 g/(株·d)。硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)‐N)含量与硝酸还原酶(NR)活性随生育时期推进呈单峰曲线变化,峰值分别出现在拔节期和抽穗期;游离氨基酸含量呈“升‐降‐升”的变化规律,峰值出现在抽穗期,在枯黄期有所上升;谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性均呈双峰曲线变化,峰值出现时期分别为抽穗期和成熟期;谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性生长前期较低,开花期迅速上升,在成熟期达最大值,枯黄期仍保持较高活性。相关性分析显示,草地早熟禾根茎扩展各指标增长率与NO_(3)^(-)‐N、游离氨基酸、NR、GS和GOGAT极显著或显著正相关,与GDH活性负相关。因此,草地早熟禾根茎中硝态氮和游离氨基酸含量越多,NR、GS和GOGAT活性越高、GDH活性越低,越有利于根茎扩展。 相似文献
4.
大武地区青海草地早熟禾人工草地生长动态研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
对青海草地早熟禾人工草地生育期、盖度、高度和地上植物量年动态和4龄人工草地的季节动态进行了研究,结果表明：青海草地早熟禾生育期为134d,生育期到第2年以后趋于稳定;盖度,高度和地上植物量年动态曲线呈倒“V”字型,地上植物量和盖度在2龄时达到了顶峰,分别为626．5g／m^2和94．7％;高度在3龄时达到最大,为74cm,然后逐年下降;4龄青海草地早熟禾盖度,高度和地上植物量的季节动态曲线呈“单峰”型,盖度和高度在8月下旬达到最大值,分别为88．3％和70．6cm,地上植物量干重的最大值为546．2g／m^2,出现在8月上旬。 相似文献
5.
行距对青海扁茎早熟禾无性繁殖影响的研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
用根茎切割机切取种植3年的青海扁茎早熟禾Poa pratensis var. anceps草皮,以行距（30、40、50、60、70 cm）及未切割（CK）为处理,进行其无性繁殖特性的研究。结果表明,青海扁茎早熟禾无性繁殖当年即能收获籽实,不同行距对其植物学性状、地上和地下生物量积累及种子产量均有显著影响（P<0.05）。主要表现在,30～70 cm行距处理早熟禾的成熟期比对照晚2～6 d;返青期-孕穗期,各行距处理早熟禾的株高、分蘖数、叶片数、叶面积显著小于对照（P<0.05）;孕穗期,各指标增加迅速,其中行距50 cm的各指标均达最大值（P<0.05）;孕穗期-成熟期,各处理根茎长度、根茎分蘖芽、地上和地下生物量增加比对照小（P<0.05）,成熟期后,增加迅速;50 cm行距处理的扁茎早熟禾种子产量最高（383.6 kg/hm2）,30 cm行距的种子产量最低（233.0 kg/hm2）。得出,行距50 cm为青海扁茎早熟禾无性繁殖的最佳处理。 相似文献
6.
本文在2011年6月-10月期间利用田间试验方法研究了洽草、草地早熟禾与草坪重要杂草-早开堇菜的种间竞争季节动态.结果表明：（1）早开堇菜的生物量、分枝数、有性繁殖能力在与两种草坪草竞争中均受到显著抑制,草地早熟禾对其抑制强度高于洽草;（2）在竞争中洽草的生物量、分蘖数显著增加,取得比较明显的竞争优势,草地早熟禾的株高、地上生物量显著升高,但根系以及分蘖能力受到早开堇菜显著抑制;（3）早开堇菜趋于增加地下部分竞争能力,而洽草和草地早熟禾更趋向于增强地上部分的竞争能力. 相似文献
7.
青海扁茎早熟禾种群地上生物量积累动态 总被引：14，自引：7，他引：7
在青海高寒地区对生长2年青海扁茎早熟禾地上生物量积累动态进行了研究,以探讨其地上生物量形成规律。研究结果表明,青海扁茎早熟禾茎(S)、叶(L)、穗(E)及地上总生物量(Ba)的积累均符合一元三次“S”型曲线变化,分别可用S∧=21.04-2.12 d+0.10 d2-0.000 62 d3,L∧=2.71+0.55 d+0.031 d2-0.000 22 d3,E∧=3.17-1.27 d+0.070 d2-0.000 51 d3,B∧a=26.92-2.84 d+0.20 d2-0.014 d3表示。青海扁茎早熟禾自返青至5月中旬进行营养生长,其地上分蘖数、叶面积、叶片数在此阶段迅速增加。5月中旬-6月中旬青海扁茎早熟禾生物量进入快速积累时期,茎、叶、穗及地上总生物量平均日增速分别可达6.836,2.611,2.409和11.876 g/(m2·d),同时茎叶比达到最大值(1∶1.61)。青海扁茎早熟禾茎、叶及地上总生物量在7月中旬达最大值,分别为220.3,151.7和406.1 g/m2;穗生物量在6月中旬达最大生物量92.3 g/m2。青海扁茎早熟禾在1个生长季中株高(H)、叶面积(LA)、枝条数(NT)和叶片数(NL)与地上总生物量(Ba)间的关系可用B∧a=-4.44+6.44 H-58.88 LA-0.065 NT+0.029 NL表示,株高对青海扁茎早熟禾地上生物量积累直接效应最大,叶面积、枝条数和叶片数通过影响株高间接影响地上生物量的积累。 相似文献
8.
以草地早熟禾午夜2号、巴润和肯塔基为材料,测定其分蘖期生理指标的变化。结果表明：午夜2号、肯塔基和巴润叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势一致,呈单峰曲线,在较高水平上峰值分别为叶绿素含量2.215,2.000和2.013mg/g;可溶性蛋白0.85,0.64和0.77mg/g。当维持一段时间后开始下降;而3个草地早熟品种可溶性糖含量与过氧化氢酶活性随着生长时间的延长而升高;在分蘖过程中,3个草地早熟禾品种平均分蘖数随着生长时间的延长呈单峰曲线,在发芽后第35d午夜2号2.45,巴润和肯塔基1.98分蘖枝/株达到最大值。草地早熟禾分蘖期间,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量与平均分蘖数呈正相关,而可溶性糖与过氧化氢酶与平均分蘖数相关性不明显。同一生长期内,午夜2号叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、过氧化氢酶含量以及平均分蘖数均大于巴润和肯塔基,肯塔基含量最低。 相似文献
9.
10.
为研究青海草地早熟禾生长和根系特征对刈割强度的响应，试验采用随机区组设计，选取长势均匀的青海草地早熟禾人工草地，划分为12个小区，设置4种处理，分别为对照(CK,不进行任何处理)、轻度刈割(LC,留茬10 cm)、中度刈割(MC,留茬5 cm)、重度刈割(HC,留茬2 cm),每种处理3次重复，于2019年6月底和7月底各刈割1次，并分别于刈割30 d后测定各处理青海草地早熟禾的株高、生长速度、分蘖数、地上总生物量、地下生物量、根系特征(表面积、体积、直径)和地下芽数量。结果表明：6月底和7月底刈割后各处理株高的大小顺序均为CK>LC>MC>HC。6月底刈割后，各处理生长速度的大小顺序为CK>LC>MC>HC;7月底刈割后，各处理生长速度的大小顺序为LC>CK>MC>HC。6月底刈割后，各处理分蘖数大小顺序为LC>CK>MC>HC;7月底刈割后，各处理分蘖数大小顺序为CK>LC>MC>HC。6月底和7月底刈割后，各处理地上总生物量的大小顺序均为LC>CK>MC>HC。6月底和7月... 相似文献
11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
13.
Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
14.
Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
15.
Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
16.
B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
17.
Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
18.
Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献