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用组织学、组织化学和电镜技术对单环刺螠（Urechis unicinctus）消化道的发生及分化进行研究。结果表明，单环刺螠消化道起源于原肠胚期内陷而成的原肠腔；至早期担轮幼虫时期，消化道连通，开始摄食，此时据管腔直径不同消化道可分为口、食道、胃、中肠及后肠。附着变态后，其消化道在结构及功能上都有了明显的发育与分化。至蠕虫状幼虫时期。食道、胃及后肠已出现黏膜下层及肌层。嗉囊与砂囊可明显区分。中肠已产生肌纤维的分化，呼吸肠由中肠分化而来，其胞体细长，且核质比较小，可与中肠明显区分。至幼螠时期，食道前端产生了咽部的分化，至此消化道各部位在结构及功能上都与成体有了很大的相似性。即由口、咽、食道、嗉囊、砂囊、胃、中肠、呼吸肠、后肠和肛门组成。组织化学研究结果表明，随着发育，消化道各部位分别呈现不同的碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、脂酶、ATP酶、非特异性酯酶及多糖类物质活性。 相似文献
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Vasa基因编码DEAD-box家族成员中一种ATP依赖的RNA解旋酶,是决定生殖系发育的重要调控因子之一。采用同源克隆策略及SMART-RACE技术,克隆了海洋经济螠虫动物单环刺螠Vasa基因的全长cDNA,该序列长4 080 bp,开放阅读框2 322 bp,编码733个氨基酸,具有DEAD-box蛋白家族共有的全部9个保守域。整体原位杂交和半定量RT-PCR结果显示,Vasa基因在未受精卵、受精卵、2～8细胞的早期胚胎中均有明显的表达,显示其母源性提供的特点;从囊胚开始,表达量明显降低,在原肠胚表达信号主要集中在内中胚层细胞中;至担轮幼虫,表达信号进一步集中在消化道处;当发育至体节幼虫时,阳性细胞分布于消化道和体节的隔膜处,进入蠕虫状幼虫,信号仅在头部的腹刚毛附近以及后肠周围的细胞中表达。实验结果为探知刺螠动物生殖系的起源和分化以及低等型生殖腺的发生提供重要的数据。 相似文献
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运用实验生态学和组织学方法研究了单环刺螠的性比、性腺指数、繁殖力、胚胎与胚后发育等繁殖生物学特征,并采用正交实验法分析了单环刺螠受精率和孵化率的最佳环境条件,为单环刺螠的人工增养殖提供科学依据。结果显示,单环刺螠雌、雄比例为1∶1.17,雄性略多于雌性。成熟卵径为(145.16±1.70)μm×(141.27±1.94)μm,处于第1次成熟分裂前期。绝对繁殖力为111 800～720 488(449 684±265 905)粒,相对繁殖力为2 214～12 702(6 849±4 854)粒,怀卵量与体质量呈显著正相关。生物学最小型体长约7 cm,体质量为11.21 g。精子密度为(5.88±0.52)×109个/mL,雄性个体平均精子数为(2.41±0.73)×1010个/只。雌性性腺指数在繁殖季节4—5月份呈现2个峰值,表明单环刺螠为分批产卵类型。在盐度25、水温15°C的条件下,胚胎发育经20～24 h孵化。组织学研究表明,单环刺螠为间黄卵,进行不等全裂,且有螺旋卵裂的特征,形成偏极囊胚,原肠作用方式为外包和内陷。胚后发育经担轮幼虫(孵化后1～10 d)、体节幼虫(11～20 d)、蠕虫状幼虫(21～30 d)发育为幼螠。正交实验结果表明,单环刺螠受精率的最佳环境条件为温度25°C、盐度35、pH 8～9;孵化率的最佳环境条件为温度15°C、盐度25、pH 8～9。 相似文献
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对鄱阳湖日本沼虾(Macrobrachiumnipponensis)幼体发育的5个阶段即Z0、Z1、Z3、Z5～Z6及Z9～Z11期进行观察,分析乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶谱带变化。结果表明,各期间幼体形态均有明显变化,幼体蜕皮次数随发育快慢不同,发育快的需9次蜕皮完成变态发育过程,慢的则需14次;LDH酶谱在5个发育阶段各有5条带,仅酶活性有强弱变化;EST酶谱不仅条带数从2条增加到9条,酶活性也有明显变化,EST1和EST3在5个阶段都出现,且酶活性逐渐升高;MDH酶谱共出现6条带,MDH1和MDH4分布延伸时间跨度大,酶活性高,可看作主带。因此日本沼虾变态发育过程中同工酶谱带随变态发育而变化,反映了不同组织器官细胞组成和不同组织中不同同工酶的活性和出现顺序,可作为鉴别种属特异性和发育阶段特异性的一项生化指标。 相似文献
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罗氏沼虾胚胎发育期主要消化酶和同工酶特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用生物化学方法分别测定了罗氏沼虾胚胎发育期5种消化酶:胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶的比活力,测定了6种同工酶:酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和淀粉酶(AMY)在成熟卵细胞和胚胎发育时期的表达特征。结果显示:5种消化酶的活力表现出两种变化趋势,即胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的酶活力呈现出“高—低—高”的变化趋势,而脂肪酶活力则呈现出下降的变化趋势。6种同工酶酶谱则随胚胎发育渐趋复杂,酶活性随之增强。研究表明,所测定的消化酶以及同工酶在罗氏沼虾受精卵期均已表现出酶活性,此阶段为卵源性的酶;原肠期是胚胎发育中一个较为重要的时期,胚胎内酶基因表达能力开始逐渐增强,开始合成一些酶类,为胚胎发育后期利用卵黄物质提供了保证。消化酶以及同工酶对卵黄物质的利用和胚胎发育的物质代谢起重要作用。 相似文献
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Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
12.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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William King V David L. Berlinsky Craig V. Sullivan 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1995,14(6):489-500
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass. 相似文献
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Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response. 相似文献
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Sandra García‐Garrido Ismael Hachero‐Cruzado Carlos Rosas Pedro Domingues 《Aquaculture Research》2013,44(11):1741-1751
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting. 相似文献
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An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO2 and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na+ and Cl‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H+ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters. 相似文献
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Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845) 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted. 相似文献