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1.
本试验选用96只1日龄AA肉公鸡,设6个重复,每个重复16只鸡。以低磷、低蛋白玉米-去皮豆粕为基础日粮(不含抗生素),添加500PTU/kg植酸酶、0.5g/kg复合酶、3g/kg果寡糖和1g/kg益生素,配制成无抗生素日粮,饲喂3周。分别于1～3、4～5、7、10、14、21日龄收集粪样,用酸不溶灰分法测定营养素表观利用率。结果表明:0～3周龄肉仔鸡总能、粗蛋白质和总磷的表观利用率普遍随日龄的增加而增加,总能和粗蛋白质的表观利用率分别在14日龄和10日龄达到峰值,总磷的表观利用率在21日龄仍有增加的趋势。  相似文献   

2.
木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡养分利用和消化器官发育的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
本试验研究了小麦型饲粮中添加木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡养分利用及消化器官发育的影响.将240只1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡随机分为4个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复12只鸡,分别饲喂在含40%小麦的饲粮中添加不同水平木聚糖酶(0、500、1 000和5 000 U/kg)的试验饲粮.试验期21 d.结果表明,木聚糖酶对17～21日龄肉仔鸡粗蛋白质、钙及总磷利用率及粪便含水率无显著影响(P>0.05);趋于提高17～21日龄肉仔鸡干物质利用率(P=0.093)及表观代谢能值(P=0.110);各组肉仔鸡养分表观利用率无显著差异(P>0.05).添加木聚糖酶未显著影响21日龄肉仔鸡小肠、胃、胰腺和脾脏相对重量(P>0.05).1 000 U/kg酶组显著降低了21日龄肉仔鸡回肠相对长度(P<0.05).木聚糖酶对21日龄肉仔鸡胫骨干重、长度、灰分及磷含量无显著影响(P>0.05).本研究表明:含40%小麦的肉仔鸡饲粮中添加不同水平的木聚糖酶对肉仔鸡养分利用及大部分肠道器官发育均未产生显著作用;超量添加对肉仔鸡养分利用无进一步改善作用,也未产生负面影响.  相似文献   

3.
本试验研究了玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加高剂量不同水平的植酸酶对0~3和4~6周肉鸡养分利用率的影响。选用1日龄AA肉鸡公雏576只,随机分为6组,每组8个重复,每个重复12只。试验日粮分0~3和4~6周两个阶段,6个处理组:正对照组(前期为总磷0.69%,0.45% NPP;后期为总磷0.59%,0.35% NPP);负对照组(前期总磷0.60%,0.35% NPP;后期为总磷0.49%,0.25% NPP);4个试验组在负对照日粮中分别添加500、2000、8000和32000 FTU/kg 4种植酸酶水平。结果显示:①日粮添加高剂量不同水平的植酸酶显著影响生长前期(17~21日龄)肉鸡的钙、磷的消化利用率(P<0.05),随着植酸酶添加水平增加,钙的消化利用率显著增加(P＜0.05)。②日粮添加高剂量不同水平的植酸酶显著影响38~42日龄肉鸡磷的消化利用率(P＜0.05)。在负对照组日粮中随着植酸酶水平添加的提高,钙的消化利用率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,磷的养分利用率反而显著减少。③日粮添加高剂量不同水平植酸酶显著增加生长前期(17~21日龄)肉鸡的粗蛋白质的消化利用率和表观代谢能(P＜0.05),在生长后期(38~42日龄)对肉鸡的粗蛋白质的消化利用率和表观代谢能提高达到显著水平(P ＜0.05)。因此,高剂量不同水平的植酸酶显著提高肉鸡AME和粗蛋白质、钙、磷的消化利用率,添加高水平植酸酶可以适当调低日粮能量和蛋白质水平,日粮中总磷(tP)水平应低于NRC标准,减少无机磷和钙的添加量,以提高钙、磷在体内的存留量。  相似文献   

4.
试验选用192只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理设6个笼(重复),每笼8只鸡;在玉米-大豆浓缩蛋白型低寡糖基础日粮中分别添加0、0.50%、1.00%和2.00%的大豆寡糖,旨在研究不同添加水平大豆寡糖对肉仔鸡营养素利用率的影响,结果表明:在低寡糖日粮中添加0.50%大豆寡糖可不同程度地提高肉仔鸡营养素的表观利用率,且21日龄的作用效果比42日龄明显;添加1.00%大豆寡糖可不同程度地提高42日龄肉仔鸡营养素表观利用率,对21日龄肉仔鸡营养素(除钙、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观利用率外)表观利用率影响相对较小;添加2.00%大豆寡糖普遍降低营养素的表观利用率。在这些营养素中,干物质、有机物、总能、粗蛋白及氨基酸的表观利用率受日粮大豆寡糖水平的影响相对较小,而钙、磷、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维受日粮大豆寡糖水平的影响相对较大。  相似文献   

5.
本试验旨在研究1～28日龄饲粮代谢能(ME)和粗蛋白质(CP)水平对二郎山山地鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响.采用3×3双因子完全随机试验设计,因子1为饲粮代谢能水平,设10.88、12.13和13.39 MJ/kg 3个水平;因子2为粗蛋白质水平,设16％、19％和22％3个水平.将1日龄二郎山山地鸡1 620只随机分到9个组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只.1～28日龄各组分别饲喂9种不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平饲粮,29～ 73日龄饲喂相同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平饲粮.试验期73 d.结果表明:1～28日龄饲粮代谢能水平对1～28日龄、29 ～ 49日龄和1～73日龄鸡只的平均日采食量及1～28日龄和1～ 73日龄料重比影响显著(P＜0.05);1～28日龄饲粮粗蛋白质水平对1～28日龄和50 ～ 73日龄平均增重,29 ～ 49日龄平均日采食量及1～28日龄、50～73日龄和1～73日龄的料重比影响显著(P＜0.05).1～28日龄饲粮代谢能与粗蛋白质水平对73日龄屠宰性能无显著影响(P＞0.05).1 ～28日龄饲粮代谢能水平对屠宰后45min胸肌pH影响显著(P＜0.05),同时饲粮粗蛋白质水平对屠宰后24 h胸肌L*值影响显著(P＜0.05).1～28日龄饲粮代谢能水平对干物质、代谢能及粗蛋白质的表观利用率影响显著(P＜0.05),均随代谢能水平的提高而提高;1～28日龄饲粮粗蛋白质水平对干物质、代谢能及粗蛋白质的表观消化率影响显著(P＜0.05).综上,以1～28日龄平均增重为指标,二郎山山地鸡1～28日龄饲粮适宜代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为10.88 MJ/kg和22％;以1～ 28日龄料重比为指标时,二郎山山地鸡1～28日龄饲粮适宜代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为13.39 MJ/kg和22％;综合29～73日龄生长性能,二郎山山地鸡1～ 28日龄饲粮适宜代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为12.13 MJ/kg和16％.1～28日龄饲粮粗蛋白质和代谢能水平对二郎山山地鸡的生长性能具有一定的后续效应,表现出补偿生长特点.  相似文献   

6.
通过饲养试验和氮代谢试验,观测饲粮粗蛋白质水平对22~42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能、胴体性能及肉品质、血清生化指标、免疫功能、氮排放及氮表观利用率的影响,研究22~42日龄肉仔鸡玉米-豆粕型饲粮中粗蛋白质的最低需要量。采用单因子完全随机试验设计,将360只22日龄AA肉公雏按体重随机分成6个组,每个组10个重复笼,每个重复笼6只鸡,分别饲喂粗蛋白质实测水平为19.87%(对照组)、18.84%、17.63%、16.81%、15.75%和14.88%的玉米-豆粕型饲粮21 d。38~42日龄进行氮代谢试验。结果表明:耗料/增重、腹脂率、胸肌滴水损失和红度(a*)值、腿肌a*和黄度(b*)值、血清总胆固醇含量、甘油三酯含量、尿酸含量和氮表观利用率随饲粮粗蛋白质水平降低而显著提高(P0.05),而平均日增重、胸肌亮度(L*)值、新城疫抗体效价和氮排放随饲粮粗蛋白质水平降低而显著降低(P0.05)。与对照组相比,当饲粮粗蛋白质水平由19.87%降至17.63%时,上述指标无显著差异(P0.05),但显著降低粪便氮排放(P0.05);当饲粮粗蛋白质水平进一步降低至16.81%及以下时,肉鸡的平均日增重显著降低(P0.05),而耗料/增重显著提高(P0.05),腹脂率、胸肌滴水损失、血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量显著增加(P0.05),新城疫抗体效价显著降低(P0.05)。因此,22~42日龄肉仔鸡玉米-豆粕型饲粮中粗蛋白质最低需要量以17.63%为宜。  相似文献   

7.
日粮粗蛋白质和代谢能水平及其互作对黑羽公番鸭的生长性能、养分利用率和血液生化指标有重要影响。试验选取21日龄黑羽公番鸭324羽,采用2×3因子设计,随机分为9个处理,每处理设6个重复,每重复6只鸭,分别饲喂3个粗蛋白质水平和3个代谢能水平不同的9种日粮。试验全期28d。结果显示:日粮粗蛋白质和代谢能水平、粗蛋白质与代谢能水平间的互作对21d、35d、42d和49d体重及葡萄糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇白蛋白、总蛋白、尿素氮、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶影响均不显著(P>0.05),但对干物质和能量表观利用率影响极显著(P<0.01);粗蛋白质与代谢能水平间的互作对粗蛋白质表观利用率影响显著(P<0.05)。日粮粗蛋白质和代谢能水平分别为15.0%和11.72MJ/kg时,黑羽公番鸭生长性能、养分利用率和血液生化指标为最佳。  相似文献   

8.
青鱼对8种饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本试验旨在研究青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)对国产鱼粉、蝇蛆粉、玉米蛋白粉、大豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和米糠8种饲料原料干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、总磷和总能的表观消化率。试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%待测饲料原料组成,并以0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。选取平均体重为(60.17±1.28)g的青鱼270尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼。对照组试验鱼饲喂基础饲料,试验组试验鱼分别饲喂1种试验饲料。饲喂1周后采用自排法收集粪便待测。结果表明:8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总磷、总能以及总氨基酸的表观消化率的范围分别是62.17%～86.47%、83.34%～95.84%、78.93%～100.06%、37.33%～81.99%、66.75%～89.86%、86.33%～96.58%。在8种饲料原料中,玉米蛋白粉的干物质、总磷和总能的表观消化率最高,而大豆粕的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总氨基酸的表观消化率最高;棉籽粕的干物质和总能的表观消化率最低,米糠的粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率最低。各饲料原料中总氨基酸表观消化率与粗蛋白质表观消化率的变化趋势一致,其中以蝇蛆粉最低。由此可见,大豆粕和玉米蛋白粉是青鱼的优质植物蛋白质源,可适量替代鱼粉;蝇蛆粉中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率都较低,在青鱼饲料中的添加量不宜过高;花生粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕也是较好的植物性蛋白质源,在青鱼饲料中适量添加既有利于饲料的营养平衡,还可降低饲料成本;米糠作为青鱼的能量原料必须保持新鲜,并控制其在饲料中的用量。  相似文献   

9.
为了探讨植酸酶、钙、磷在日粮中的水平组合对肉仔鸡养分利用的影响,选择生长试验中的21日龄健康肉仔鸡(♀)24只,分为4个组,日粮植酸酶(FTU/kg)、非植酸磷(%)、钙(%)的水平分别为:第1组(600、、,第2组(600、、,第0.280.80)0.381.00)3组(0、、,第4组(1200、、,每组6个重复(1个重复1只鸡),进行了代谢试验。试验结果表明,各组间总能、干0.380.65)0.280.65)物质的摄入量、排出量、存留量(代谢量)及其存留率(代谢率)差异不显著(P>0.05);第2组粗蛋白质存留量显著高于第1、组3(P<0.05),存留率显著高于第3、组(P<0.05);第1组钙摄入量极显著高于第3组(P<0.01),第2组钙存留率极显著低于第44组(P<0.01),显著低于第1、组3(P<0.05);第1组总磷的摄入量和排出量极显著低于第2、组(P<0.01)。日粮中添加植酸酶,3可提高总磷的利用率,可小幅度提高粗蛋白质的利用率。日粮中非植酸磷0.28%、钙0.80%、添加植酸酶600FTU/kg时,肉仔鸡对日粮养分的利用较佳。  相似文献   

10.
选用192只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理设6个重复,每个重复8只鸡,分别饲喂在玉米-大豆浓缩蛋白型低寡糖基础日粮中添加0、0.50%、1.00%和2.00%大豆寡糖(水苏糖含量为83.7%)的日粮,研究大豆寡糖对肉仔鸡粗蛋白质和氨基酸表观利用率的影响。试验期为42d。结果表明,低剂量(0.50%)大豆寡糖对肉仔鸡粗蛋白质和氨基酸的表观利用率有一定程度的提高作用,但高剂量(2.00%)则产生不利影响;而且生长前期剂量反应程度大于生长后期。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

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