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1.
丁鱥雌核发育鱼的异源精子诱导及其与亲本的RAPD比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gynogenesis is thought to be a useful method to generate fully inbred line and to initiate monosex culture in teleost fish. This article presents results of a study of gynogenesis of tench, Tinca tinca L. from Eltrix River of Xinjiang, China, induced by the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) sperm inactivated with UV irradiation. When cold shocking method was used to prevent exmasion of the second polar body in order to produce gynogenetic diploids, the optimum treated parameters were screened as cold shocking for 20min at 4℃, 5min after insemination. On this condition, 10.23% of the treated eggs survived at feeding stage. A comparative study between the gynogenesis and their parents was made by RAPD technique. 82 random primers of 10 nucleotide long sequence were used in RAPD analysis. The results showed that each primer gives 3- 12 fragments for each sample with the fragment length 330 - 2 460 bp, and the genetic similarity between gynogenesis and their mother was 97.4 %, while the genetic similarity between gynogenesis and their father was 27.4%, and there were no bands only shared by gynogenesis and their father, the common carp. It revealed that the chromosome of their father, the common carp, did not penetrate into the construction of gynogenetic tench. 相似文献
2.
鳗源嗜水气单胞菌主要外膜蛋白基因克隆及其表达 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
A pair of primers were designed according to the published nucleotide sequence of a putative outer membrane protein gene (omp) of Aeromonas hydrophila . With the specific primers, a target fragment about 1.1 kb was amplified from Aeromonas hydrophila ML316 via PCR .The target fragment was inserted into the linearized pGEM-T easy vector. After enzyme restriction and sequencing analysis,the nucleotide data had been further analyzed by DNAman and ClutalW software. The analysis results showed that the cloned DNA fragment had a longest open reading frame (ORF) of 1035 nt,it predicted to be encoded a 344 aa protein with the molecular weight of 36 kD. Hydrophobicity analysis suggested that the protein was highly hydrophilic, especialy at the first 24 aminoacid, this region could function as signal peptide. The homologious comparison proved the cloned gene had 96% homology to the sequence of the omp gene, and the alignment of the amino acid sequence was 98% . The recombinant plasmid was constructed with the target gene and the expressing vector pGEX-4T-1 and then was transformed into E. coli BL21（DE3）by BamH and Sal I .The fusion protein was expressed under the IPTG inducing condition,and exhibited about 62 kD in size,very close to the predicted molecular weight of GSTMOMP, furthermore,the fusion protein was specifically recognized by antiserum which raised against the major outer membrane protein of AHML316. Considering all these together, it proved that the cloned gene represented the major outer membrane protein gene of AHML316, and the expressed gene products shared identical antigenicity with the natural main outer membrane protein,and also provided technical support for developing an advanced gene engineering vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila. 相似文献
3.
罗非鱼杂交F1代与亲本的遗传关系及其杂种优势的利用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Genetic
relationships between the parental fishes Nil e tilapia,blue tilapia and their hybrids
were assayed with RAPD analysis using 1 6 primers, of which 11 generated polymorphic
products. Genetic similarity indice s demonstrated that the offsprings of Nile tilapia♀×blue
tilapia♂were genetic ally intermediate between the parental fishes,while the offsprings
of blue tilap ia♀×Nile tilapia♂were extremely similar to blue tilapia.This suggested
that hybrids F1 have high possibility to develop heterosis if they are
intermediate between the parental fishes in genetic characteristics. In addition, products
O PA071900,OPA07960,OPZ14720 and OPZ14600 were
found to be molecular markers for identifying blue tilapia, Nile tilapia and the offspring
of Nile tilapia♀×blue tilapia♂. 相似文献
4.
Changes in the levels of plasma vitellogenin (Vg), estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were examined following gonadal development induced by carp gonadotropin treatment (cGTH) of freshwater
female yellow and silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.). The animals received injections of cGTH (250 μg kg−1 body weight) or saline vehicle three times a week, for 6 to 8 weeks. No effect of vehicle was observed. Steroidogenic activity
of the ovary was stimulated by cGTH treatment as shown by the increase in circulating steroid levels in both stages. However,
the responses of T, E2 and Vg differed according to the stage of development of eels. At the yellow stage, the initial steroid plasma levels were
undetectable (< 0.01 ng ml−1) before treatment and ovarian steroidogenic activity was slightly stimulated following cGTH treatment; steroid levels reached
their highest values after 3 weeks and 6 weeks of treatment for E2 (0.62 ± 0.13 ng ml−1 and T (0.33 ± 0.30 ng ml−1), respectively. The cGTH treatment slightly increased plasma Vg levels (0.2–0.7 μg ml−1 during the experiment compared with the initial values of the group. At the silver stage, the initial steroid levels were
detectable (0.7 ng ml−1 for E2 and 0.1 ng ml−1 for T); cGTH treatment did not significantly increase plasma E2 level which remained at initial levels. Nevertheless, plasma T levels dramatically increased from 0.1 to 3 ng ml−1 and peaked after 1 or 2 weeks of cGTH treatment; a rapid increase in plasma Vg levels occurred, reaching its highest value
at 5 mg ml−1 after 3 weeks of treatment. Thus, the steroid kinetic profiles in relation to the appearance of Vg in the plasma following
cGTH treatment was closely related to androgen levels and there was a strong vitellogenic response induced by chronic cGTH
treatment. In order to test if androgens could be implicated in the vitellogenic response, we evaluated the potencies of various
androgens (testosterone and 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol)in vivo andin vitro, associated with E2 to induce the production of Vg.In vitro experiments showed that Vg synthesis was induced by high doses (10−6 to 10−5 M) of androgen in the eel. Tamoxifen totally inhibited the action of androgens suggesting that androgens were acting through
binding to the E2 receptor.In vivo, androgens given alone at 50 μg kg−1 3 times a week for 1 months had no significant effect on plasma Vg levels. In addition, E2-androgen cotreatment showed that the presence of androgen did not modify the vitellogenic response induced by E2. 相似文献
5.
海湾扇贝个体间单向人工授精的分子生物学验证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hybrid family of Argopecten irradians irradians was created by fertilization between two northern bay scallop individuals. Two families were analyzed in this study. The first family, Pa-Pb, is a pair mating between two scallops named Pa and Pb, while the second one crossed by individuals of Y1 and P0. Marker inheritance and segregation were studied in the 10 progenies of each family by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. 102 RAPD primers were first screened by parental animals of both families. Only the primers with polymorphisms between the two parental animals in each family were select
ed for further analysis. In both families, parents and 10 progeny were nalyzed
with selected primers. In family Pa-Pb, a total of 122 bands generated from 12 selected primers. 37 of them were polymorphic between two parents. The maternal Pa of this family had 17 molecular markers while paternal Pb had 20 markers. In Y1-P0，95 bands were produced by 10 selected primers. 32 bands were polymorphic between maternal Y1 and paternal P0, who had 17 and 15 molecular markers respectively. In both families, each progeny analyzed in this study had at least 8 maternal markers and 5 paternal markers. Based on segregation patterns at all markers analyzed, we concluded that none of the progeny analyzed were from self-fertilization, and oneway hybridization between two individuals was successful in both of the two bay scallop families. 相似文献
6.
低温胁迫对鲤血液学和血清生化指标的影响 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
A total of 85 interspecific hybrid F2 (Cyprinus carpiovar. wuyuanensis×Cyprinus pellegrini pellegrini) were cooled to specific temperatures and held at those temperatures over a maximum of 4 days in a waterrecycled and temperaturecontrolled aquarium inside. As a result, the blood homeostasis of experimental fish changed violently as acute temperature changed from 16 ℃ to 10 ℃ and 4 ℃ at a rate of 1 ℃·h-1 according to the data we collected. Whole blood pH, also called extracellular pH (pHe) were very sensitive to temperature changes, where the
re was a significant difference between 10 ℃ (7.41) and 16 ℃ (7.17) (P
<0.01), compared to other values of hematology and serum chemistry. When the water temperature was continually decreased to an extreme temperature of 4℃, the content of Na+ of serum decreased remarkably in comparison with that of 10 ℃ and 16 ℃, which was 85.2 mmol·L-1, 113.3 mmol·L-1 and 118.7 mmol·L-1, respectively. The values of hematology and serum chemistry also altered in gentle temperature changes of (10±2) ℃ and (4±2) ℃. Most values of serum chemistry and pH changed significantly, whereas the values of blood plasma changed slightly. pH was up slowly in 4 days at (10±2) ℃ and down slowly in 3 days at (4±2) ℃. A variety of values of serum chemistry changed remarkably both at (10±2) ℃ and (10±2) ℃, but the values of TP, TG and ALB only changed significantly at (4±2) ℃. These results distinguished at least two mechanisms involved in coldinduced stress in hybrid F2. Coldinduced pH changes resulted in other values altered. What's more, pH correlated negatively with water temperature above 10 ℃, and the content of Na+. We also found that gentle te
mperature changes will be physiologically compensated for on day one at (10±2) ℃ and on day 2 at (4±2) ℃ in hybrid F2. 相似文献
7.
为明确石磺钙通道蛋白1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体（IP3R）基因和蓝尼碱受体（RyR）基因的序列和结构信息,初步研究不同石磺中的Onchidium struma-IP3R/Onchidium struma-RyR（Os-IP3R/Os-RyR）基因表达量百分比与石磺系统进化的相关性,实验在瘤背石磺表皮转录组数据库的基础上,克隆得到2条钙通道蛋白基因Os-IP3R和 Os-RyR,利用生物信息学技术对该基因及所编码蛋白的结构特征进行分析,并通过qRT-PCR技术分析2个基因在瘤背石磺、平疣桑椹石磺和紫色疣石磺各组织中的表达情况。结果显示,Os-IP3R核酸序列为4 574 bp,包括2 808 bp的开放阅读框,共编码935个氨基酸,预测编码的蛋白有6个跨膜区;Os-RyR核酸序列为1 253 bp,包括1 131 bp的开放阅读框,共编码376个氨基酸,预测编码的蛋白有3个跨膜区。将瘤背石磺IP3R和RyR的氨基酸序列进行比对,发现位于钙离子通道区的G*R*GGG*GD序列处高度保守;发现3种石磺Os-IP3R/Os-RyR 的相对表达百分比的高低顺序与各石磺从陆地到浅海的梯度分布趋势相一致,依次为瘤背石磺>平疣桑椹石磺>紫色疣石磺;石磺的陆栖性越强,则Os-IP3R/Os-RyR 的相对表达百分比越高。不同种石磺的Os-IP3R/Os-RyR表达量百分比的研究能为分析海洋无脊椎动物由海洋向陆地进化学说提供新的分子生物学线索。 相似文献
8.
鱼类诺达病毒及其所导致的疾病 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
In recent years, piscine nodaviruses have emerged as major pathogens of a wide range of larval and juvenile marine finfish resulting in high mortality in aquaculture worldwide. Affected fish exhibit a range of neurological signs, such as erratic swimming behaviour with the associated microscopic lesions of necrosis and vacuolation of the central nervous tissues and retina. Numerous roundshaped, unenveloped and 25-30 nm in diameter virus particles were found in the cytoplasm of affected retinal and nerve cells. Nodaviruses have a bipartite genome of positivesense RNA,with RNA1 encoding the RNAdependent RNA polymerase and RNA2 encoding the capsid protein. Both RNA are capped, but not polyadenylated. The family Nodaviridae comprises two genera: Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus, members of which primarily infect insects and fish, respectively. Therefore, betanodavirus is also named piscine nodavirus. At present, piscine nodaviruses are divided into four genotypes based on partial sequences of the coat protein gene. ELISA and RT-PCR amplification have been developed as specific diagnostic methods for the d
etection of the virus. Antibodies to striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) nervous necrosis (SJNNV) were found in 65% of plasma samples collected from wild and domestic brood stocks of striped jack, suggesting that the virus is
very prevalent. Viral antigens were detected in eggs, larvae, and ovaries of hatcheryreared and wild spawner fish, suggesting both horizontal and vertical modes of transmission of the virus. Selection of nodavirusfree spawners using ELISA for detection of antigens and RT-PCR techniques have successfully reduced incidences of the virus infections in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax),striped jack and barfin flounder (Verasper moseri). The SSN1 and GF cell lines have been successfully used in isolating piscinenodaviruses.Although there are many papers describing the molecular characteristics of betanodavirus, our knowledge of the genomic attributes of these viruses is still limited. Vaccination studies are being undertaken by a number of researchers and need to be fostered. In particular, the use of passive immunization of broodfish with homologous and heterologous, high titre antisera are worthy of investigation. 相似文献
9.
H. Chiba M. Amano H. Yamada Y. Fujimoto D. Ojima K. Okuzawa T. Yamanome K. Yamamori M. Iwata 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2004,30(3-4):267-273
Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on thyroxine (T4) release in vivo and in vitro were studied in barfin flounder Verasper moseri, masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Seabream GnRH (sbGnRH) at a dose of 200 ng/50 g body weight (BW) significantly increased plasma T4 levels 1 h after the in vivo injection in the barfin flounder, but thereafter the levels normalized. Salmon GnRH (sGnRH) significantly increased plasma
T4 levels l h after the injection with a significant return to initial levels in male masu salmon and male goldfish. In contrast,
sGnRH and cGnRH-II in barfin flounder, and cGnRH-II in male masu salmon and male goldfish were not effective in stimulating
T4 release. To clarify direct involvement of GnRH in T4 release, dissected lower jaw including scattered thyroid follicles was incubated with sbGnRH (1 μg/well) in barfin flounder,
and with two doses (0.1 and 1 μg/well) of sGnRH in masu salmon and goldfish in vitro. T4 concentrations of control were stable during 24 h. Incubation of lower jaw with high dose (1 μg/well) of GnRH significantly
(P<0.05) increased T4 concentrations of incubation medium at 1 h in all experimental fishes. These results indicate that direct stimulation of
T4 secretion by GnRH occurs widely in teleost fish. 相似文献
10.
In this paper, genetic diversity of intraspecies, and genetic relationship of interspecies in Epinephelus spp. (E. merra, E. fario, E. awoara, E. akaara and E. septemfasciatus) were assessed by using mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (mtDNA RFLPs).The samples were collected from the coastal area of Zhanjiang,Guangdong province. MtDNA was extracted from the fresh liver tissue by applying a difference centrifugation procedures. Using 17 restriction enzymes with 5-or 6-bp recognition sites, the purified mtDNA was cleaved by single enzymes. These enzymes included BamH Ⅰ，Bgl Ⅰ，Bgl Ⅱ，Dra Ⅰ，EcoR Ⅰ，EcoR Ⅴ，Hind Ⅲ，Kpn Ⅰ，Mlu Ⅰ，Pst Ⅰ，Pvu Ⅱ，Sal Ⅰ，Sca Ⅰ，Sma Ⅰ，Sty Ⅰ，Xba Ⅰ and Xho Ⅰ. The phylogenetic analysis was done using the Neighbor joining(NJ) method and Unweighted pairgroup method with arithmetic mean(UPGMA) method. Genetic diversity indices such as haplotype diversity (h), average genetic distance between haplotypes (P) and nucleotide diversity (π) were calculated using Nei and Li's segment method to quantify the genetic diversity within species. There were 8, 5, 8, 5 and 2 haplotypes detected within E. merra, E. fario, E.awoara, E.akaara and E. septemfasciatus, respectively. The haplotype diversity (h) was 0.8943, 0.6186, 0.9242, 0.6927 and 0.1820,respectively. The average genetic distance between haplotypes (P) was 0.62%±0.31%, 0.64%±0.37%, 1.12%±0.55%,0.72%±0.42% and 0.45%, respectively. And the nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.22%, 0.13%, 0.46%, 0.17% and 0.04%, respectively. The wild groupers in the Zhanjiang Coastal Area exhibited a relative higher level of genetic diversity. The net genetic distance between species (Pnet) was 0.0694（E. merra - E. fario）,0.1337（E. merra - E. awoara）,0.1090 E. merra -E. akaara）, 0.1286（E. merra - E. septemfasciatus）,0.1590（E. fario -E. awoara）,0.0825（E. fario -E. akaara）,0.1153（E. fario - E. septemfasciatus）,0.1131 E. awoara - E. akaara）,0.0724（E. awoara -E. septemfasciatus） and 0.1336（E. akaara - E. septemfasciatus）. Both NJ and UPGMA methods yielded an identical phylogenetic tree for the five species. The E. merra and E. fario first clustered together, then joined with E. akaara, and finally clustered with E. awoara and E. septemfasciatus. 相似文献
11.
团头鲂“浦江1号” 选育后期世代群体同野生群体间遗传变异的ISSR分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以团头鲂“浦江1号” 选育后期3个世代群体（F7、F8、F9）为试验对象、其选育奠基群体（1985年淤泥湖野生群体）后代、淤泥湖野生群体（2007年）、梁子湖野生群体（2007年）为对照材料,通过ISSR标记技术分析,并通过部分样本的细胞色素b基因测序的补充验证,了解选育所产生的遗传变异及野生群体遗传结构现状。主要结果：（1）从100个ISSR引物中筛选出26个引物,扩增出清晰、可重复的条带共164条,多态性条带比例49.39%。细胞色素b基因在选育良种3个世代中只发现一种单倍型。（2）选育群体同选育奠基群体后代、野生群体间的遗传差异显著,如群体多态位点百分数,F9（28.05%）比选育奠基群体后代（40.24%）减少了30.29%,比淤泥湖野生群体（41.46%）减少了32.34%。选育群体同淤泥湖野生群体间的遗传相似系数最小（0.935 0）,距离最大（0.067 2）,两两配对FST值最大（FST=0.305 72）;UPGMA法构建系统进化树表明,选育群体同野生群体处于两个大分支,而在野生群体大支中,选育奠基群体后代与淤泥湖原种野生群体间配对FST值最小（FST=0.050 45）。（3）选育群体F7、F8、F9各世代间遗传分化虽弱（低GST 0.141 7值,高Nm 3.027 9值）,但多态位点百分数、位点基因平均多样性、Nei氏基因多样性、群体内Shannon多样性指数等遗传参数仍然都呈现随选育世代数的累进而降低的趋势。（4）ISSR比细胞色素b基因更适合近缘种的相关关系研究。（5）经过二十多年9代的选育,相对于野生群体,团头鲂“浦江1号”良种已产生了明显的遗传分化,性状已相当稳定,但离选育极限尚有一定距离,今后应在继续监测其遗传结构变化的基础上,进一步挖掘选育潜力,同时要避免种质混杂、近交衰退及瓶颈效应等的发生。 相似文献
12.
水产养殖动物基因组研究的现状及其应用前景 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The genomic resources from human and several model organisms have been increased very fast since 1990. The techniques for developing genomic resources have already been very advanced and smart. These could make scientists see and improve organism in genomic level. For Chinese aquaculture scientists and aquatic industry, developing genomic resources and genetic tools for the native species are most important in the genomic era. The genomic resources and genetic tools for several aquatic species have been developed and some of them have been used in the marker based selection and other researches. The genome research work on aquaculture species was reviewed in this paper, especially a USDA genome project was focused. Some functional genomic research for aquatic animal was also discussed here. The importance and necessity of China aquaculture species genome project were discussed. Common carp and other cultured fishes in Cyprinidae such as grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp etc were recommended as the candidate species for genome research, because the output of all carps is almost up to 1/3 of total fisheries output in China. Common carp with another virtue for genome research is that there are much more families and strains in common carp than those in other cultured species in China, and those families and strains are the basis for genome research and mapping quantitative trait loci associated with important economic trait. Although the first linkage map of common carp made by Sun needs to be added with more markers for mapping QTL and Type I markers ,it has laid the groundwork for QTL mapping and markerassisted selection in common carp. Because the model organism zebrafish and common carp, grass carp and other carps cultured in China all belong to Cyprinidae, the China carp genome research will obtain a lot of useful information from zebrafish genome research. How the China carp genome program will be conducted and what kinds of strategy involved in this program were all suggested. How the results of the genome research of aquaculture species will be used in the aquaculture industry was reviewed and analyzed here. 相似文献
13.
Y. Zohar A. Goren M. Tosky G. Pagelson D. Leibovitz Y. Koch 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1989,7(1-6):59-67
Thein vivo andin vitro potency of native and modified forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to release gonadotropin (GtH) was studied inSparus aurata and correlated with their relative susceptibility to degradation by cytosolic-bound enzymes of the pituitary, kidney, and
liver. Salmon (s) GnRH and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) are equipotent whereas analogs of these peptides ((D-Arg6-Pro9NET)-sGnRH, (D-Ala6-Pro9NET)-LHRH, (D-Trp6)-LHRH) are superactive in inducingin vivo GtH release (at 10 μg/kg body weight). In anin vitro superfusion system of pituitary fragments all analogs are equipotent to the native peptides (at 10−10 to 2.5 × 10−7M). sGnRH and LHRH are rapidly degraded by cytosolic peptidases of the pituitary, liver, and kidney. The preferred site of
cleavage is the Tyr5-Gly6 bond. Substitution of the position 6 glycine by D-amino acids renders the 5–6 bond resistant to degradation and shifts the
main site of cleavage to the Pro9-Gly10NH2 bond. Substitution at position 6 (as above) and at position 10 with Pro9NET results in analogs that are resistant to degradation. We propose that enzymatic cleavage terminates GnRH bioactivityin vivo and thus increased resistance to degradation is a major determinant of GnRH analog superactivity. 相似文献
14.
In order to investigate the difference in utilization of diets with different quality in Jian carp（Cyprinus carpio var. Jian）and allogynogenetic silver curcian carp(Carassius auratus gibelio), a 55 d growth trial was conducted and low quality diet (LQ-diet) and high quality diet (HQ diet) were tested. LQ-diet contained 33.91% dietary protein which is mainly from soybean meal while HQ-diet contained 45.59% dietary protein which is mainly from fish meal. The initial average body weights were from 5.58 g to 5.82 g for two fish strains. The trial was carried out in a system consisting of 12 self circulation 320 L tanks. During the experiment, the fish were fed to satiation twice a day (at 9: 00 and 15:00), and uneaten feed was collected 1 h after feeding and dried. Feces were collected twice a day (at 11:00 and 16:45) from the fecal traps and dried at 70 ℃. The results show that feed intake was higher in Jian carp than in allogynogenetic silver curcian carp when fed LQ diet, while there was no significant difference between weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, protein efficiency rate and apparent digestibility. When fed HQ diet, Jian carp showed a lower feed intake, but higher feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency rate than allogynogenetic silver curcian carp while there was no significant difference in the weight gain and apparent digestibility of both species. For Jian carp, feed intake and protein efficiency rate for the fish fed HQ diet and LQ diet were not significantly different, while the fish fed HQ diet showed higher weight gain, feed conve
rsion efficiency and apparent digestibility. For allogynogenetic silver curcian carp, the fish fed HQ diet showed significantly higher feed intake, apparent digestibility, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and lower protein efficiency rate. For Jian carp, body contents of dry matter, protein, lipid and energy for the fish fed HQ diet and LQ diet were significantly higher. For allogynogenetic silver curcian carp, body contents of dry matter and protein was significantly higher, while body contents of lipid and energy were affected by diet qualities. Compared to Jian carp, allogynogenetic silver curcian carp showed better utilization when fed LQ diet while poorer utilization when fed HQ diet. 相似文献
15.
鲍遗传育种研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Abalones are important farming species with a high economic value. They have already been farmed for more than 50 years. As problems and new requirements rose continuously in culture industry of abalone, studies on genetic and breeding techniques are needed to improve characteristics and to gain new traits. This review concentrates on advances in genetics and breeding techniques in abalone. As for genetic studies, karyological analyses, allozyme, DNA markers and genetic diversity were reviewed. So far, karyological analyses in abalone have been performed in 12 species that can be divided into three groups according to the chromosome number. In some economically important species, loci of allozymes and. microsatellites have been isolated and applied to investigate the genetic structure of natural and hatchery populations and to identify the result of chromosome set manipulation, but the related reports are only a few yet. The resultsof investigation with DNA markers and allozymes showed that the genetic structure of natural populations presents two characteristics: excessive homozygosity and subdivision. Advances of various breeding techniques, including introduction, selection,hybridization, polyploidy, gynogenesis and gene manipulation, were reviewed in the other part. Although Haliotis discus discus, introduced from Japan, has become one of the most important culture species in China, the economic, social and environmental effects of introduction have been rarely studied. Selection is one of the most important and basic breeding techniques, but the studies on selection are only a few and preliminary, referring to the relations between genetic characteristics and the traits of growth and resistance, genetic diversity and heritability of quantitative traits, and the effect of selection. Interspecific hybridization was the first breeding program carded out in abalone. Experimental hybridization have been carded out for about 20 crosses. Heterosis,such as faster growth and high survival rate, has been observed in some crosses. Triploids have been successfully induced in many species of abalone with physical or chemical shock, e.g.H, discus hannai, H. rufescens, H.diversicolor diversicolor and H. rnidae. Field experiments were conducted in some species of triploid abalone. In comparison with triploid, the research on tetraploid is still in quest stage. The progress of induction of gynogenesis in abalone is quite slow. Conditions of sperm inactivation, diploid restoration and nuclear behavior of gynogenetically activated eggs have been researched on in H. discus han nai. Notwithstanding the gene transfer technology in abalone is in the quest stage, the research have already involved preparation of exogenic DNA,means of gene transfer, identification integration and expression of target gene, etc. Three research directions in these topics were proposed : to investigate the germplasm resources of abalone deeply and widely, to make use of traditional breeding methods and modem biotechnique synthetically, and to combine the science research with production practice. 相似文献
16.
四氯化碳(CCl4)作为一种经典的肝脏毒物,被广泛应用于哺乳动物的肝损伤模型构建及保肝药物筛选。低、中、高浓度的CCl4橄榄油溶液(6.25%、12.50%和15.00%,0.01 mL/g)腹腔注射建鲤72 h后,采用单细胞凝胶电泳和肝组织病理切片技术,测定血清中肝损伤生化酶来考察CCl4对肝细胞DNA的毒性作用;同时采用实时荧光定量PCR法测定肝组织中CYP3A表达量的变化。结果显示,6.25%CCl4作用建鲤72 h后肝组织切片检查没有发生明显的改变,对血清中酶学指标无显著影响,CYP3A的mRNA表达量与空白对照组相比也没有显著变化,而彗星实验结果显示该浓度的CCl4作用肝细胞后,尾长、TDNA、尾矩及Olive 尾矩等DNA损伤指标与对照组相比,显著增大;随着CCl4作用浓度的增加,肝细胞肿胀、广泛空泡变性,出现核固缩和核溶解等组织学的变化,12.50%和15.00% CCl4均能显著引起血清中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)水平升高,15.00% CCl4能显著促进乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)大量生成;彗星实验中各项损伤指标也随着染毒剂量增加而极显著增大;同时,12.50%和15.00% CCl4组的CYP3A mRNA表达量显著降低。结果表明,CCl4对建鲤肝细胞DNA具有毒性作用,在实验的浓度范围内,CCl4 能抑制CYP3A mRNA表达;随着CCl4作用浓度的增大,血清酶、病理切片和彗星实验结果表现出剂量效应,并有一定的一致性,彗星实验表现出更高的灵敏性。 相似文献
17.
The effect of waterborne selenite levels on selenium accumulated by different developmental stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied using75SeO
3
=
as a tracer. All stages readily accumulated selenium at both high and low concentrations, but the rate of accumulation increased
as the trout developed from the egg to the juvenile feeding stage. The low rate of selenium accumulation by embryos seemed
to be related more to a lack of gills than to the presence of a chorion. The bioconcentration factor (the ratio of tissue-to-water
concentrations) declined in all groups with increased waterborne selenium levels; accumulation rates appeared limited by cell
permeability. At low levels of waterborne selenium (0.4μg/l), the total accumulated was small relative to existing body burdens and unlikely to contribute significantly to the nutritional
requirement for selenium. High levels (45.6μg/l), however, caused considerable selenium accumulation and may be sufficient to overcome the effects of low dietary selenium. 相似文献
18.
Waste water treatment on freshwater fish farms is problematic as waste material and water flows can vary greatly on a daily
basis, and, in terms of effluent standards, fish farm effluent represents a dilute waste water output. A study was undertaken
to investigate in detail the nature of the waste outputs under field conditions. Waste water samples were split by meshes
into the following size ranges: >200μm, 200-100μm, 100-60μm, 60-30μm and <30μm. Waste water quality parameters, suspended
solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total phosphorus (TP) were examined for each size range at two freshwater fish farm sites in Scotland, as part of a
wider investigation into waste water quality of aquaculture operations. Results indicated that during periods of peak waste
output i.e. tank cleaning, approximately 80% of BOD5 and SS was present in a particle size range of 100-60μm, but only 66% of TP transport occurred in this size range. At other
times, low levels (≤40%) of entrapment of wastes by the chosen meshes was observed, suggesting a reversion to predominantly
dissolved material transport. Compared against a larger data set of outflow concentrations obtained from another section of
the study, maximum removal rates of 46%, 48% and 30% for BOD5, SS and TP respectively were determined. The implications for waste water treatment at fish farms are discussed. 相似文献
19.
红鲫属于鲤科、鲤亚科、鲫属,染色体数目为2n=100,核型为22m+34sm+22st+22t;鲤属于鲤科、鲤亚科、鲤属,染色体数目为2n=100,核型为22m+34sm+22st+22t。已有研究表明,红鲫(♀)×鲤(♂)杂交第一代(F1)和第二代(F2)为二倍体,F2能产生染色体数不减数的配子,在第三代(F3)中形成四倍体鱼。通对F1和F3进行胚胎染色体制片,在染色体水平上探讨红鲫和鲤远缘杂交的多倍体发生途径及F2产生不减数配子的潜能。结果表明,F1混合胚胎都为二倍性胚胎,没有发现单倍性和多倍性胚胎,但F3混合胚胎中则有染色体数为100,150,200甚至300的染色体分裂相,推测F2生殖细胞发生了一次或多次染色体数加倍,产生了二倍性和更高倍性的配子,它们结合形成了不同倍性的F3胚胎。实验证明双亲基因组大小及核型相似的鲫鲤远缘杂交第一代不发生多倍化,但获得的二倍体杂交后代能产生不减数配子,在F3中产生多倍体鱼。 相似文献
20.
为了解梭鲈种群的遗传结构,实验利用线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COⅠ)基因部分序列分析了中国6个和中亚2个群体的遗传差异,并与欧洲群体的单倍型序列进行了比较。结果在640 bp的COⅠ基因序列中检测到5个变异位点,定义了7种单倍型,发现Hap1为8个梭鲈群体的共享单倍型,且与欧洲群体的HapA相同,在中国群体所占比例(93.36%)高于中亚群体(72.58%)和欧洲群体(53.85%);Hap2和Hap3是中国群体的特异单倍型,而Hap4~Hap7为中亚群体的特异单倍型。单倍型序列的聚类图和网络图均显示Hap1/A为梭鲈群体的原始单倍型,中国和中亚群体的特异单倍型相对于原始单倍型仅有1~2个位点的变异,属于Hap1/A的亚型,与欧洲群体的特异单倍型具有较大的差异。每个群体检测到1~4种单倍型,斋桑湖(ZS)群体单倍型最多,而中国的腾格里湖(NX)、兴凯湖(XK)和鸭绿江(YJ)群体仅有1个单倍型(Hap1);塔什干(TS)群体的单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(π)最高(Hd=0.514±0.069; π=0.000 79±0.000 11),其次是ZS群体,而中国梭鲈群体的多样性参数较低。AMOVA分析结果显示,梭鲈群体间遗传变异占20.74%,群体间遗传分化程度较高(0.15≤Fst=0.207 36<0.25),TS群体与ZS群体和中国群体间的遗传分化极大(Fst>0.25),中国群体中仅黑河(HH)群体与其他群体的遗传分化较大,而中国其他5个群体间无遗传分化。基于群体间遗传距离的系统进化树显示,来自中国的6个梭鲈群体与哈萨克斯坦的ZS群体聚为一支,而乌兹别克斯坦的TS群体独立为一支。研究结果为梭鲈群体的繁殖及放流管理提供了参考。 相似文献