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1.
本文以鲜乳为主要原料，根据Feta奶酪的生产工艺，采用L9（3^4）正交试验的方法，研究了不同发酵温度、发酵剂添加量、凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度对Feta奶酪色泽、滋气味和组织状态的影响，确定了生产Feta奶酪的最佳工艺条件为：凝乳酶添加量1．2％。，发酵剂添加量1．0％，凝乳温度38℃。发酵温度33℃。  相似文献   

2.
通过正交实验,研究了灭菌温度、发酵剂添加量、发酵温度、干燥温度四个因素对青海特色酸凝牦牛奶酪的产率和感官评定的影响,得出青海特色酸凝牦牛奶酪加工工艺的最佳条件结果表明：灭菌温度为90℃奶酪的产率最佳,各因素对奶酪感官评定的影响从大到小依次为灭菌温度〉发酵剂的添加量〉干燥温度〉发酵温度,青海特色酸凝牦牛奶酪的最佳加工工艺参数为B,A：D,C：（即灭菌温度为90℃,发酵剂的添加量为4％,干燥温度为70％时,发酵温度为38℃）。  相似文献   

3.
青海牦牛与日本牛动物性食品脂肪酸含量比较分析   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8  
采用气相色谱法,对牦牛与日本牛肉、酥油及奶酪中的脂肪酸成分进行比较分析,牦牛脂肪酸与日本牛含量相同,C18：1n-7日本牛肉含量只有1.32％,而牦牛肉为8．69％;牦牛肉的脂肪平均含量4．5％,日本牛肉平均脂肪含量8.81％。牦牛产奶酪中的平均脂肪含量为3％,日本牛产奶酪中的平均脂肪含量为24％,差异较大。牦牛和日本牛产酥油中的平均脂肪含量差别不大。  相似文献   

4.
以牛乳和紫薯作为原材料,制作紫薯奶酪,并分析发酵工艺对膳食纤维含量变化的影响。通过单因素和响应面试验优化紫薯粉添加量、发酵温度与发酵时间,通过国标方法对采用最佳发酵工艺制备的紫薯奶酪中的营养成分及膳食纤维含量进行测定。结果表明：制备紫薯鲜奶酪的最优工艺参数为紫薯粉添加量4%、发酵温度42 ℃、发酵时间8 h;该条件下制成的紫薯鲜奶酪的蛋白质含量为19.79%、脂肪含量15.62%、水分含量46.75%、霉菌总数2.97 CFU/g、滴定酸度78.03 °T,均符合国家标准,膳食纤维含量为0.106 mg/  相似文献   

5.
为了研干物质含量和化学添加剂对发酵的影响，根据氨-N浓度和pH值测定分析了从各大饲养场青贮窖中收集到的总计1713个青贮饲料标样。增加干物质含量而不使用添加剂对发酵具有比较有益的影响。当青贮饲料的干物质含量大下260克／公斤时，85％的青贮饲料被完全发酵，平均氨-N浓度为94克／公斤全氮，pH为4．36。随着干物质浓度减少，完全发酵的青贮饲料的比例下降。干物质为220-260克／公斤时，完全发酵的青贮饲料占67％，此时的氨-N浓度为125克／公斤全氮，pH为4．30。当干物质为180—220克／公斤时，48％的青贮饲料完全发酵，此时的氨-含量为151克／公斤全氮，pH4．38。当千物质低于180克／公厅时，青贮饲料都不能完全发酵，这时的氨-N浓度为252克／公斤全氮，pH芳4．84.  相似文献   

6.
不同配比的培养基对纤维素分解菌发酵饲料的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
利用纤维素分解菌生产发酵饲料是当前饲料业的一个发展方向，它可将纤维素分解为牲畜可利用的糖，同时增加饲料中蛋白质的含量。本试验以康氏木霉和酿酒酵母两株菌混合发酵生产单细胞蛋白饲料，并对加水比、物料比、氮源添加量等因素进行研究，最终通过正交实验对各因素综合分析，确定最佳培养基配方，为玉米秸秆粉与麸皮1：1混合，3．5％（NH4）2SO4，原料：水为1：4，pH5．5，30℃，培养周期5d。发酵终产物粗蛋白含量20．05％，经发酵前提高了60．4％；粗纤维含量为11．01％，降低了61．96％。  相似文献   

7.
探讨用不同有效活菌数、纤维酶活含量的发酵菌种对蚕沙发酵腐熟及其中常见家蚕病原微生物灭活作用，研究蚕沙含水率对蚕沙发酵的影响。结果表明：每100kg蚕沙中有效菌数总量不低于500亿个，纤维素酶活总量不低于2500ug的发酵菌种，并且对蚕沙堆放盖膜处理，保证蚕沙的含水率不低于60％，才能够在短时间内让蚕沙迅速升温发酵，发酵温度达到60℃以上且持续7d以上，15d内蚕沙充分发酵腐烂降解，有效缩短堆肥时间。腐熟后的蚕沙全N为2．83％、全P20，为1．83％、全K20为4．4％、有机质含量67．88％，碳含量为26．25％，碳氮比（C／N）9．27，均能达到堆肥配比的要求，不需添加任何配料可直接回田使用，达到对蚕沙无害化处理的目的。  相似文献   

8.
本文主要对宫廷奶酪的加工工艺进行了初步研究。结果表明，制作宫廷奶酪时最佳的凝乳温度为45℃，蔗糖添加量为5％，江米酒添加量为8％。制作出的奶酪，组织细腻润滑，甜嫩清凉，醇香适度，营养丰富。  相似文献   

9.
利用啤酒糟粉、秕谷粉、统糠粉粗饲料配方进行有益微生物制剂的固体发酵工艺研究，初步探索到对上述3种粗饲料发酵较佳的发酵工艺条件，使发酵后粗蛋白比发酵前提高了26．7％，氨基酸总量提高了25．88％，粗纤维降低了47．83％，胃蛋白酶消化率提高了60％以上，可溶性物质含量提高了50％以上，水溶性磷含量提高了叨％以上，纤维素酶活力达到46u，发酵后的粗饲料带有清香的甜酸味。  相似文献   

10.
研究供试发酵剂、原料组成及灭菌方式对马铃薯渣发酵单细胞蛋白饲料中游离氨基酸．活性肽及水溶性蛋白含量的影响．为薯渣发酵饲料品质研究提供新的科学依据。以未发酵纯薯渣原料作为对照,设发酵剂、灭菌方式及原料组成3个因素．采用固态发酵及比色法对发酵产物进行品质分析。结果表明．发酵产物游离氨基酸含量为3．29～11．77g／kg,较对照原料增加68．7％～503．6％;生物活性肽含量为0．84-2．72g／kg．较对照原料增加366．7％－1411．1％：水溶性蛋白质含量为3．28～7．68g／kg。较对照原料增加120．1％－415．4％。采用混菌发酵、在原料中添加油渣和氮素及灭菌处理对提高马铃薯渣发酵饲料游离氨基酸、生物活性肽以及水溶性蛋白质含量有显著影响。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

15.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

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