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1.
为研究中药"猪孕散"治疗母猪慢性子宫内膜炎最佳添加剂量,试验选临床两个以上情期内配种不孕的经产母猪150头,分为5组,每组30头猪,进行中药"猪孕散"治疗母猪慢性子宫内膜炎剂量筛选试验,其中1~3组为中药组,服用"猪孕散"治疗,剂量分别为每天150 g/头、100 g/头和50 g/头,连用3 d;4组为西药组,用0.1%高锰酸钾1 000 m L冲洗子宫,然后再用青霉素240万U、链霉素100万U、生理盐水100 m L,混合后注入子宫内,每日1次,连用3 d;5组为阳性对照组,不进行任何治疗。结果表明:对母猪慢性子宫内膜炎治愈率,中药"猪孕散"高剂量组和中剂量组均为93.33%、低剂量组为86.67%、西药组为83.33%,阳性对照组为10%,其中各试验组与阳性对照组相比差异极显著(P0.01),高、中剂量组与低剂量组及西药组比较差异显著(P0.05),说明中药"猪孕散"治疗母猪子宫内膜炎有较好的疗效,使用"猪孕散"中、高剂量治疗母猪子宫内膜炎的疗效明显优于使用青、链霉素治疗母猪子宫内膜炎,低剂量组疗效与青、链霉素组相当。考虑治疗效果,临床以中剂量100 g/(头·d)使用为宜。  相似文献   

2.
为了解中草药添加剂对泌乳后期奶牛产奶量、乳品质和隐性乳房炎的影响.本试验随机挑选了32头产奶量、体况评分、采食量、胎次、体重等指标相似的西门塔尔牛,试验分为4组,在基础日粮基础上分别添加0 g/头·d(对照组)、100 g/头·d(低剂量组)、200 g/头·d(中剂量组)、300 g/头·d(高剂量组)中草药添加剂,...  相似文献   

3.
将确诊为患持久黄体和卵巢静止的病牛各40头,随机分为4组,分别为藿芪灌注液高、中(推荐剂量)、低剂量治疗组和促孕灌注液对照治疗组,每组10头。试验组每头牛分别按每次150mL、100mL和50mL的剂量子宫灌服,隔日1次,4次为1个疗程。对照药物治疗组为促孕灌注液,每次100 mL,隔日1次,4次为1个疗程。结果显示,用藿芪灌注液治疗奶牛持久黄体的高、中、低剂量组的治愈率分别是80%、70%和50%,总有效率分别是90%、90%和60%。对照组治愈率80%,总有效率90%。高剂量组、中剂量组和对照组的治愈率和总有效率均显著高于低剂量组(P0.05),高剂量组与中剂量组之间无显著性差异(P0.05),藿芪灌注液高、中剂量组与对照药物组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。用藿芪灌注液治疗奶牛卵巢静止高、中、低剂量组的治愈率分别是90%、80%和60%,总有效率分别是100%、100%和70%;对照组治愈率80%,总有效率90%,高剂量组、中剂量组和对照组的治愈率和总有效率均显著高于低剂量组(P0.05),高剂量组与中剂量组之间无显著性差异(P0.05),高、中剂量组与对照组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。  相似文献   

4.
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加酵母培养物(YC)对育肥牛生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。根据体重相近的原则,将75头17月龄左右的西门塔尔杂交肉牛随机分为5组,每组15头牛。对照组(C0组)饲喂基础饲粮,不添加YC; 2个试验组分别在试验后期(第61～120天)基础饲粮中添加100(L100组)和150 g/d(L150组) YC,另外2个试验组分别在试验全期(第1～120天)基础饲粮中添加100(W100组)和150 g/d(W150组) YC。预试期14 d,正试期120 d。结果表明:1) W150组肉牛的平均日增重为1.02 kg/d,分别比C0、L150和W100组提高了10.8%、8.5%和12.1%(P0.05),比L100组提高了7.4%(P0.05); W150组肉牛的料重比显著低于C0和W100组(P0.05)。2) L150组肉牛的背膘厚度显著高于其他各组(P0.05),W100和W150组肉牛的背膘厚度显著高于C0组(P 0. 05); W100组肉牛的大理石纹等级为2.81,显著高于C0组(P0.05)。3) L150组背最长肌的滴水损失显著低于C0和W150组(P 0.05),C0组背最长肌的蒸煮损失显著高于L150和W150组(P 0.05)。4) W150组背最长肌的油酸比例显著高于L100组(P0.05),亚麻酸比例显著低于W100组(P0.05); C0组背最长肌的二十碳一烯酸比例显著高于L100组(P0.05)。各组间背最长肌的各氨基酸含量均差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,试验全期(第1～120天)添加150 g/d YC对提高肉牛生长性能和改善牛肉品质都有促进作用;试验后期(第61～120天)添加150 g/d YC对改善牛肉品质有促进作用。  相似文献   

5.
本试验旨在研究青蒿提取物对奶牛泌乳性能、血浆免疫与抗氧化指标的影响。采用完全随机区组设计,将20头中国荷斯坦奶牛按照泌乳期、体重、产奶量和胎次等相似原则随机分为4组,每组5头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加50、 100、150 g/(d·头)的青蒿提取物。预试期10 d,正试期35 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加150 g/(d·头)青蒿提取物显著提高了产奶量和乳糖率(P0.05);添加100 g/(d·头)青蒿提取物显著提高了4%乳脂校正乳产量和乳糖率;添加50 g/(d·头)青蒿提取物显著提高了乳糖率(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,添加50、100、150 g/(d·头)青蒿提取物显著升高了血浆中免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的浓度(P0.05),显著降低了血浆中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的浓度(P0.05),对血浆中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)的浓度无显著影响(P0.05);血浆中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的浓度在50和100 g/(d·头)的添加水平下没有显著变化(P0.05),在150 g/(d·头)的添加水平下显著提高(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,添加50、100、150 g/(d·头)青蒿提取物显著提高了血浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性(P0.05),显著降低了血浆中丙二醛(MDA)的浓度(P0.05),对血浆中过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加青蒿提取物能够提高奶牛的泌乳性能、机体免疫力和抗氧化性能。本试验条件下,奶牛饲粮中青蒿提取物的适宜添加水平为100 g/(d·头)。  相似文献   

6.
本试验旨在通过在饲粮中添加不同剂量的杜仲叶提取物,确定其在泌乳奶牛中的安全使用剂量。将60头泌乳高峰期荷斯坦奶牛按体重、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相同或相近的原则随机分为4组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮上添加20、100和200 g/(d·头)杜仲叶提取物。预试期10 d,试验期60 d。结果表明:添加适量杜仲叶提取物[20 g/(d·头)]有提高奶牛干物质采食量的作用,同时对产奶量和乳脂率有明显提升作用,并可降低牛奶体细胞数;添加100 g/(d·头)杜仲叶提取物使奶牛干物质采食量比对照组降低了0.78%(P0.05),且产奶量比对照组降低了1.38%(P0.05);添加200 g/(d·头)杜仲叶提取物使奶牛干物质采食量比对照组显著降低了3.42%(P0.05),且使牛奶体细胞数显著高于其他3组(P0.05)。添加适量杜仲叶提取物[20 g/(d·头)]对奶牛营养物质的消化率有促进作用,但是添加高剂量杜仲叶提取物[200 g/(d·头)]对营养物质的消化具有抑制作用。添加高剂量杜仲叶提取物[100和200 g/(d·头)]未对奶牛血液指标产生不良影响。综上所述,同时结合生产实际,推荐以100 g/(d·头)杜仲叶提取物作为泌乳奶牛最高安全使用剂量。  相似文献   

7.
为了验证针对酒精阳性乳(alcohol positive milk,AMP)发病机理制作的新型预混料对奶牛酒精阳性乳的防治效果,本研究设计了试验1和试验2:在试验1中,根据泌乳天数、酒精阳性乳程度,采用完全随机区组方法将100头荷斯坦泌乳后期牛分为对照组、低剂量(LDG)、中剂量(MDG)和高剂量组(HDG),每组5个重复,每个重复5头牛,各组在日粮中依次添加0、50、100和150g/(头·d)新型预混料,试验期26d,3d为1个采样周期;在试验2中,按照试验1的分组方法,将370头荷斯坦泌乳后期奶牛分为对照组和试验组,每组185头,在日粮中依次添加0和100g/(头·d)新型预混料,试验期35d,每5d为1个采样周期。将奶样与等量的75%中性酒精混合,通过观察奶样状态判断酒精阳性乳发生程度。试验1结果表明,与对照组相比,在日粮中添加50g/(头·d)新型预混料对酒精阳性乳的发生率有一定的影响(P0.05);日粮中添加100和150g/(头·d)新型预混料能显著降低酒精阳性乳发生率(P0.05),尤其对降低强阳性酒精阳性乳发生率效果极显著(P0.01),但两组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。试验2结果表明,到试验结束时,日粮中添加100g/(头·d)新型预混料可使酒精阳性乳总发生率降低75.73%,强阳性酒精阳性乳发生率降低90.82%。以上结果表明,新型预混料能有效防治奶牛酒精阳性乳的发生,且日粮中新型预混料的最佳添加量是100g/(头·d)。  相似文献   

8.
选择健康、泌乳月份与产奶量相近的多胎荷斯坦泌乳牛20头,随机分成5组,每组4头,研究日粮中添加商业来源的瘤胃保护共轭亚油酸钙盐(Ca-CLA)同时添加自然来源亚油酸(葵花油)对奶牛生产性能的影响。试验期为52d。对照组基础日粮为60%粗饲料(苜蓿、羊草、青贮)和40%精料(以DM为基础),处理组在对照组日粮基础上分别添加Ca-CLA100g/d·头(CLA)、葵花油350g/d·头(Sunf);Ca-CLA100g/d·头 葵花油350g/d·头(CLA Sunf),Ca-CLA50g/d·头 葵花油175g/d·头(1/2CLA 1/2Sunf)。结果表明:在奶牛日粮中,单独添加自然来源亚油酸产奶量较对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而单独添加共轭亚油酸钙盐或与自然来源亚油酸高低不同剂量添加产奶量较对照组都分别显著提高2.20%、9.95%、11.16%,无论单独添加自然来源亚油酸或Ca-CLA或二者以高低不同剂量同时添加,牛奶的乳脂率较对照组都分别显著降低15.0%,6.24%,21.74%,14.35%。总之,奶牛日粮中同时添加Ca-CLA和自然来源亚油酸能显著提高产奶量,降低乳脂率,并且,减少Ca-CLA的添加量同时添加自然来源亚油酸可以达到高剂量添加Ca-CLA相同的效果。  相似文献   

9.
为了评价藿芪灌注液治疗奶牛卵巢静止和持久黄体的临床效果,将确诊为患持久黄体和卵巢静止的病牛各40头随机分为4组,分别为藿芪灌注液高、中(推荐剂量)、低剂量治疗组和对照药物治疗组,每组10头。试验组每头牛每次分别按150 m L、100 m L和50 m L的剂量子宫灌注,隔日1次,4次为1个疗程;对照药物治疗组为促孕灌注液,每次100 m L,隔日1次,4次为1个疗程。试验结果表明,用藿芪灌注液治疗奶牛持久黄体的高、中、低剂量组的治愈率分别为80%、70%和50%,总有效率分别为90%、90%和60%;对照组治愈率80%,总有效率90%,藿芪灌注液高剂量组、中剂量组与对照组的治愈率和总有效率均显著高于低剂量组(P0.05),高剂量组与中剂量组之间无显著性差异(P0.05);高、中剂量组与对照组之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。用藿芪灌注液治疗奶牛卵巢静止高、中、低剂量组的治愈率分别为90%、80%和60%,总有效率分别为100%、100%和70%;对照组治愈率80%,总有效率90%,高剂量组、中剂量组和对照组的治愈率和总有效率均显著高于低剂量组(P0.05),高剂量组与中剂量组之间无显著性差异(P0.05),高、中剂量组与对照组之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。  相似文献   

10.
将20头安装瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组,每组5头,对照组饲喂TMR,试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组饲喂TMR分别加150．0g／（头·d）复合脂肪酸、乳酸和复合脂肪酸＋乳酸（1：1）,探讨复合脂肪酸和乳酸对奶牛瘤胃CH4释放量、VFA和NH3-N浓度及产奶性能的影响。结果显示,TMR加150．0g／（头·d）复合脂肪酸＋2L酸（1：1）,使奶牛瘤胃NH3-N和CH4释放量分别减少11．92％（P〈0．05）和21.35％（P〈0．01）,FCM、乳脂率和乳糖含量分别提高3．28％、5．12％和3．62％,瘤胃VFA明显增加,能够有效抑制奶牛对空气的CH4污染．显著提高奶牛的生态效益和经济效益。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

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