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1.
H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA蛋白S145N变异株致病性及抗原特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为确定近年来H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV) HA蛋白S145N点突变对病毒毒力变化和抗原性变异的影响,笔者对从全国不同地区分离的12株H9N2亚型AIV HA蛋白S145N变异株和HP疫苗参考株进行了半数鸡胚感染量(EID50)、半数鸡胚致死量(ELD50)、平均鸡胚致死时间(MDT)、雏鸡脑内致病指数(ICPI)、鸡静脉致病指数(IVPI)和8周龄SPF鸡感染排毒试验,并与抗H9N2亚型AIV HP参考株HA蛋白单抗2A4和F6的血凝抑制(HI)和中和反应特性进行测定.结果发现,H9N2亚型AIV HA蛋白S145N变异株毒力偏强,能引起部分SPF鸡发病和死亡,感染8周龄SPF鸡排毒时间更早,排毒期更长.单抗2A4和F6不能抑制H9N2亚型AIV HA蛋白S145N变异株的血凝特性,也不能中和病毒感染CEF细胞.研究结果表明,H9N2亚型AIV呈现变异趋势,有毒力增强和抗原性变异毒株出现.S145为H9N2亚型AIV HA蛋白的1个抗原位点,是血凝抑制抗体结合的位点,但有该位点漂变导致抗原变异毒株出现,并可逃避免疫作用.这提示该病的防控面临着新的挑战. 相似文献
2.
本试验利用生物软件对H5亚型禽流感病毒A/CK/GD/178/04的血凝素进行抗原特性分析,结合关于禽流感病毒血凝素抗原位点的文献报道,选定97～212位氨基酸和369～529位氨基酸两个区域作为多肽表位候选区域.利用本实验室自主研发的原核表达载体pBT载体,串联表达HA的两个区域,经SDS-PAGE和Western Blotting分析,证明重组产物得到表达,Ni2+柱纯化重组蛋白后,对2周龄SPF鸡进行免疫,经HI试验检测该重组蛋白可以刺激机体产生HI抗体.本研究为H5亚型AIV多肽疫苗的进一步研制奠定了基础. 相似文献
3.
HA蛋白位点变异影响H7N9亚型流感病毒特性的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
2013年春，我国首次出现人感染H7N9亚型禽流感疫情，对家禽养殖和公众健康均产生了严重危害，并且在第5波流行期又演变出血凝素（hemagglutinin，HA）蛋白裂解位点处存在插入突变的高致病性禽流感病毒株。HA作为A型流感病毒表面表达丰度最高的糖蛋白，在介导病毒与宿主细胞表面受体的结合、促进病毒囊膜与细胞膜的融合、刺激机体产生中和抗体等方面具有至关重要的作用。本文围绕H7N9病毒，简要综述了HA蛋白的结构与功能，及其关键功能氨基酸位点变异影响病毒生物学特性的研究进展，以期为深入解析HA蛋白在H7N9病毒感染致病中的作用提供重要参考。 相似文献
4.
应用生物信息学方法预测H6亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白(HA)线性抗原表位,并对所获表位的免疫原性进行初步鉴定,为流感病毒表位疫苗研制和H6亚型特异性ELISA检测方法奠定基础。依据近年流感病毒流行趋势,从GenBank下载具有代表性的H6、H5、H7和H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白的氨基酸序列。利用DNA Star软件进行H6同亚型间氨基酸序列保守性分析,再将H6与H5、H7、H9不同亚型之间氨基酸同源性进行比较,然后借助在线服务器ExPASy和IEDB对序列进行抗原性、亲水性、柔韧性、二级结构和表面可及性预测。最后去除H6与H5、H7、H9亚型氨基酸同源区域,选择H6亚型氨基酸相对保守区域并且抗原表位综合预测结果较优的几个片段,所选择表位长度为15个氨基酸。合成所获得的优势线性表位,并用间接ELISA方法对所获表位的免疫原性进行鉴定。预测后获得4个线性抗原表位,经鉴定免疫原性最好的为表位A,最差的为表位B。 相似文献
5.
A vaccine strain of fowlpox virus (FPV) was genetically engineered to produce avian influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). This was accomplished by inserting a cDNA copy of the avian influenza virus HA gene, which was regulated by a vaccinia virus promoter, into the FPV thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Two types of recombinant viruses, differing only in the orientation of the HA gene relative to an adjacent foreign gene (lacZ), were created. Following preliminary identification of FPV recombinants based on the generation of beta-galactosidase (lacZ gene product), correct insertion of the HA gene into the genomes of these viruses was verified by hybridization studies. Susceptible chickens vaccinated with these FPV recombinants produced specific hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against the HA antigen. In view of this immune response, these viruses may serve as vaccines against avian influenza virus. In this regard, they appeared to be less virulent than the parental virus. 相似文献
6.
目的以H5亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)的血凝素(HA)抗原表位重组表达蛋白为抗原,探索H5亚型AIV单克隆抗体制备的简便有效途径。方法利用H5亚型AIV的HA抗原表位原核表达重组蛋白为抗原,4次免疫8～10周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠后,取小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,用间接ELISA方法筛选能分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,并对单克隆抗体的特性及初步应用价值进行测试。结果得到一株能稳定分泌针对H5亚型AIVHA抗原表位的特异性单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,单克隆抗体ELISA效价达1:5×104,为具有IgK轻链的IgM亚类。该单克隆抗体能特异性地与H5亚型AIV产生肉眼可见的WesternBlot免疫印迹反应,与其它供试的禽病抗原无反应。H5N1亚型AIV阳性血清能有效阻断辣根过氧化酶标记的单克隆抗体与HA抗原表位重组蛋白的结合。结论本研究探索出一条利用H5亚型AIV的HA抗原表位重组表达蛋白为抗原的单克隆抗体制备的简便、高效途径,所制备的单克隆抗体稳定性好、效价高、特异性强,在H5亚型禽流感病毒及其血清学检测中有较高的应用价值。 相似文献
7.
以禽流感H5亚型病毒分别免疫BABL／C小鼠，取其脾细胞与SP2／0骨髓瘤细胞融合，用血凝抑制试验(HI)和间接ELISA检测细胞上清液，结果获得了3株抗禽流感H5亚型病毒特异性单克隆抗体，分别命名为186，1D4，7D1；其中1D4株为抗禽流感H5亚型病毒血凝素特异性单克隆抗体细胞株．186株和7D1株为针对禽流感病毒NP蛋白的单克隆抗体细胞株。经3次亚克隆后，100％杂交瘤细胞保持了分泌抗禽流感病毒抗体的能力。这些单克隆抗体小鼠腹水ELISA效价为10^5，HI效价为2^11-12。研究结果表明，所有这些单克隆抗体仅与相应的禽流感病毒株发生特异性反应，而不与鸡新城疫病毒、产蛋下降综合征病毒、鹅副粘病毒等反应。所有这些单抗在禽流感诊断中将发挥重要作用。 相似文献
8.
In general, avian influenza (AI) vaccines protect chickens from morbidity and mortality and reduce, but do not completely prevent, replication of wild AI viruses in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of vaccinated chickens. Therefore, surveillance programs based on serological testing must be developed to differentiate vaccinated flocks infected with wild strains of AI virus from noninfected vaccinated flocks in order to evaluate the success of vaccination in a control program and allow continuation of national and international commerce of poultry and poultry products. In this study, chickens were immunized with a commercial recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine containing an H5 hemagglutinin gene from A/turkey/Ireland/83 (H5N8) avian influenza (AI) virus (rFP-H5) and evaluated for correlation of immunological response by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) or agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests and determination of protection following challenge with a high pathogenicity AI (HPAI) virus. In two different trials, chickens immunized with the rFP-H5 vaccine did not develop AGID antibodies because the vaccine lacks AI nucleoprotein and matrix genes, but 0%-100% had HI antibodies, depending on the AI virus strain used in the HI test, the HI antigen inactivation procedure, and whether the birds had been preimmunized against fowlpox virus. The most consistent and highest HI titers were observed when using A/turkey/Ireland/83 (H5N8) HPAI virus strain as the beta-propiolactone (BPL)-inactivated HI test antigen, which matched the hemagglutinin gene insert in the rFP-H5 vaccine. In addition, higher HI titers were observed if ether or a combination of ether and BPL-inactivated virus was used in place of the BPL-inactivated virus. The rFP-H5 vaccinated chickens survived HPAI challenge and antibodies were detected by both AGID and HI tests. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the rFP-H5 vaccine allowed easy serological differentiation of infected from noninfected birds in vaccinated populations of chickens when using standard AGID and HI tests. 相似文献
9.
Development of a pen-site test kit for the rapid diagnosis of H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Manzoor R Sakoda Y Sakabe S Mochizuki T Namba Y Tsuda Y Kida H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(6):557-562
As well as H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV), H7 HPAIV strains have caused serious damages in poultry industries worldwide. Cases of bird-to-human transmission of H7 HPAIV have also been reported [11]. On the outbreak of avian influenza, rapid diagnosis is critical not only for the control of HPAI but also for human health. In the present study, a rapid diagnosis kit based on immunochromatography for the detection of H7 hemagglutinin (HA) antigen of influenza A virus was developed using 2 monoclonal antibodies that recognize different epitopes on the H7 HAs. The kit detected each of the tested 15 H7 influenza virus strains and did not react with influenza A viruses of the other subtypes than H7 or other avian viral and bacterial pathogens. The kit detected H7 HA antigen in the swabs and tissue homogenates of the chickens experimentally infected with HPAIV strain A/chicken/Netherlands/2586/03 (H7N7). The results indicate that the present kit is specific and sensitive enough for the diagnosis of HPAI caused by H7 viruses, thus, recommended for the field application as a pen-site test kit. 相似文献
10.
M Mukamoto I Watanabe Y Kobayashi F C Icatlo H Ishii Y Kodama 《Veterinary microbiology》1991,29(2):109-121
Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) envelope glycoprotein gVI (gp50) was purified from virus-infected Vero cells by ion-exchange and immunoaffinity chromatography and its usefulness as a subunit vaccine was evaluated in active and passive immunization studies. Four-week-old piglets were immunized intramuscularly (IM) with purified gVI twice two weeks apart and challenged intranasally (IN) 10 days after the second immunization with 30 LD50 (10(8)PFU) of a virulent strain of ADV. Pigs, vaccinated with 100 micrograms of purified gVI, produced virus neutralizing antibodies and did not develop clinical signs after challenge exposure. The challenge virus was not isolated from nasal swabs and tonsils of gVI-vaccinated pigs, whereas non-vaccinated control pigs developed illness after challenge exposure with the same virulent ADV strain which was later recovered from their nasal swabs and tonsils. Pregnant sows vaccinated twice with purified gVI (IM) at a three week interval produced virus neutralizing antibodies in colostrum. Four-day-old sucking piglets born of vaccinated sows were passively protected by colostral antibodies against intranasal challenge with a lethal dose of virulent ADV. Sera from gVI-vaccinated pigs were distinguished from experimentally infected swine sera by their differential reactivity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using four major viral glycoproteins (excluding gVI) as antigen purified by the use of lentil-lectin. 相似文献
11.
“表达H5N1禽流感病毒HA和NA基因的重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV—AI）疫苗”以及“表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因的重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV—ILT）疫苗”均已在实现商业化生产。由于两种疫苗使用了相同的载体病毒,如何使用才能减少相互干扰而产生最好的免疫效果。本研究设计了三个试验组：1）免疫rFPV—AI后间隔4周接种rFPV—ILT;2）rFPV—AI和rFPV—ILT混合后接种;3）将rFPV—AI和rFPV—ILT分别在两个翅膀同时免疫。结果表明,试验鸡接种rFPV—AI后4周接种rFPV—ILT,对传染性喉气管炎病毒WG株攻击的保护率为60％（6／10）,低于rFPV—ILT单独免疫组的保护率（100％,10／10）;rFPV—AI和rFPV—ILT混合后免疫组对禽流感病毒强毒攻击的保护率为80％（8／10）,对传染性喉气管炎病毒强毒攻击的保护率为70％（7／10）,而rFPV—AI和rFPV—ILT分两点同时接种对两种病毒攻击均能产生完全保护。本试验结果建议将这两种相同载体的重组病毒疫苗分两点同时接种以避免相互之间的干扰。 相似文献
12.
Antigenic differences between H5N1 human influenza viruses isolated in 1997 and 2003 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Horimoto T Fukuda N Iwatsuki-Horimoto K Guan Y Lim W Peiris M Sugii S Odagiri T Tashiro M Kawaoka Y 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2004,66(3):303-305
To assess whether the antigenic properties of H5 hemagglutinin (HA) change over time due to antigenic drift, we produced a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the HA of the index H5N1 human influenza A virus, A/Hong Kong/156/97. By immunizing mice with a plasmid expressing this HA and boosting the initial immunization with cell lysates transfected with the plasmid, a total of six hybridomas producing HA-specific mAbs were established: four to the HA1 subunit with hemadsorption-inhibiting activity and two to the HA2 subunit. None of the mAbs to HA1 could bind to the HA of a recent human isolate, A/Hong Kong/213/2003, indicating that there are substantial antigenic differences between the H5N1 human influenza virus isolated in 1997 and that isolated in 2003. 相似文献
13.
The spike 1 (S1) surface glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the major inducer of the generation of virus neutralizing antibodies, and the administration of purified S1 has been shown to elicit a protective immune response against virulent virus challenge. On the basis of these observations, recombinant fowl poxvirus (rFPV) containing a cDNA copy of the S1 gene of IBV Mass 41 (rFPV-S1) was constructed and its immunogenicity and vaccine potential were evaluated. Initially, rFPV-S1 was shown to express the S1 in vito by indirect immunofluorescence staining and western blot analyses. Later, in vivo expression was demonstrated by the detection of IBV-specific serum immunoglobulin G and neutralization antibodies in the sera of chickens immunized with rFPV-S1. That the recombinant virus elicited anti-IBV protective immunity was indicated by the manifested, relatively mild clinical signs of disease, decreased titers of recovered challenge virus, and less severe histologic changes of the tracheas in virulent IBV Mass 41-challenged chickens previously receiving rFPV-S1 as compared with parental fowl poxvirus (FPV)-vaccinated control birds. In contrast, chickens immunized with either recombinant or parental FPV were resistant to a subsequent virulent FPV challenge. As to a preferred method of immunization, wing web administration appeared to be superior to the subcutaneous route because a greater percentage of birds vaccinated by the former protocol exhibited an anti-IBV humoral immune response. Thus, rFPV-S1 has potential as a poultry vaccine against both fowl pox and infectious bronchitis. 相似文献
14.
Virus-neutralizing and passively protective monoclonal antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus of chickens. 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced to assist in the identification and characterization of the virus-neutralizing epitopes of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Only MAbs that reacted in Western blotting with viral protein 2 (VP2) or immunoprecipitated VP2 neutralized the infectivity of the virus in cell culture and passively protected young chickens from infection. Three of the neutralizing MAbs did not react with denatured viral proteins. Additivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays indicated that the six virus-neutralizing MAbs recognized two spatially independent epitopes. The ability of two of the virus-neutralizing MAbs to neutralize a variant of IBDV that had escaped neutralization by all the other MAbs confirmed the existence of two distinct neutralizing epitopes. The results support the hypothesis that there are at least two non-overlapping epitopes recognized by the virus-neutralizing MAbs reported in this study, although these may still be within one conformational site on VP2 of IBDV. 相似文献
15.
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and contagious viral infection of young chickens caused by IBD virus (IBDV). The VP2 protein of IBDV is the only antigen for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in the natural host. In the current study, we have succeeded in construction of one recombinant baculovirus BacSC-VP2 expressing His6-tagged VP2 with the baculovirus envelope protein gp64 transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic domain (CTD). The His6-tagged recombinant VP2 was expressed and anchored on the plasma membrane of Sf-9 cells, as examined by western blot and confocal microscopy. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that the VP2 protein of IBDV was successfully displayed on the viral surface. Vaccination of chickens with the VP2-pseudotyped baculovirus vaccine (BacSC-VP2) elicited significantly higher levels of VP2-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than the control groups. IBDV-specific proliferation of lymphocytes was observed in chickens immunized with the recombinant BacSC-VP2. An in vivo challenge study of the recombinant baculovirus BacSC-VP2 showed effective protection against a very virulent (vv) IBDV infection in chickens. In addition, mortality and gross and histopathological findings in the bursa demonstrated the efficacy of the vaccine in reducing virulence of the disease. These results indicate that the recombinant baculovirus BacSC-VP2 can be a potential vaccine against IBDV infections. 相似文献
16.
H9亚型禽流感在我国家禽中广泛流行,给养禽业造成巨大经济损失的同时,也严重威胁着公共卫生安全。H9亚型禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）具有高度遗传变异性,导致流行株和疫苗株之间抗原匹配性差,从而影响疫苗的临床保护效果,急需研发一种高效、具有交叉保护性的通用型H9亚型禽流感疫苗。马赛克疫苗是针对遗传多样性病原体设计,通过整合所有抗原序列获得一条抗原表位覆盖最广泛的嵌合蛋白,并制备疫苗。本研究参考mosaic疫苗设计原则,设计、优化并合成了一条H9亚型禽流感病毒的mosaic血凝素（hemagglutinin,HA）基因序列,采用反向遗传操作技术,以H1N1亚型流感病毒PR8株为骨架,以mosaic H9HA序列替换PR8株的HA片段,获得重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9。将其制备为灭活疫苗并免疫SPF雏鸡,监测抗体水平、攻毒保护效果,评价其交叉保护效果。结果表明,重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗免疫SPF雏鸡,可诱导机体产生较高水平的HI抗体和中和抗体,可显著抑制攻毒后病毒的脱落,对H9N2 AIV JM0305株的攻毒保护率为80%。rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗可以对异源H9N2 AIV JM0305株产生较好的交叉攻毒保护,为研发基于马赛克技术的禽流感通用疫苗提供了前期基础。 相似文献
17.
免疫剂量和母源抗体对禽流感重组鸡痘病毒活载体疫苗免疫效力的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用表达 H 5亚型禽流感病毒 (AIV)血凝素基因的重组鸡痘病毒 (r FPV- HA)以不同剂量免疫 1日龄 SPF鸡、有或无母源抗体 (FPV、AIV H5)的商品鸡 ,并于免疫后 2 1d利用同亚型 AIV通过肌肉注射进行致死性攻击 ,通过检测免疫后 HI抗体应答、比较攻毒后发病率和死亡率评价免疫剂量和母源抗体对 r FPV- HA免疫效力的影响。结果发现 ,免疫后 2 1d,15 %～ 2 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可检出 HI抗体 ,而含母源抗体商品鸡检测不到 HI抗体。利用H5亚型 AIV致死性攻击后 ,10 3～ 10 6 PFU的 r FPV- HA可保护 95 %～ 10 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡抵御强毒攻击 ,使之免于发病和死亡 ;而不同剂量 r FPV- HA接种的含母源抗体商品鸡有 80 %～ 90 %发病和死亡。结果表明 ,在较宽的免疫剂量范围内 ,r FPV- HA对 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可提供良好的保护 ,显示出一定的应用前景 ;母源抗体影响 r FPV- HA诱导的免疫应答 ,且提高免疫剂量亦不能克服其干扰作用 ,这提示在实际应用中需优化免疫程序 ,避免母源抗体干扰。 相似文献
18.
Despite the long-term vaccination programs implemented in China, H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to persist in chicken populations, even in vaccinated flocks. We previously demonstrated that H9N2 AIV isolated from chickens in China also underwent antigenic drift and evolved into distinct antigenic groups (C, D and E). To understand whether antigenic drift of viruses away from the vaccine strain partially contributed to the circulation of H9N2 AIV in China, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a commercial vaccine against different antigenic groups of H9N2 AIV. Challenge experiments using vaccinated chickens indicated that the vaccine prevented shedding of antigenic group C viruses, but not those of the more recent groups D and E. Vaccinated chickens, even those with vaccine-induced HI titers of 1:1024, shed virus after being infected with A/chicken/Shandong/ZB/2007, a representative virus of antigenic group D. Genetic analysis showed that the representative viruses of antigenic groups D and E possessed greater numbers of amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin protein compared to the vaccine strain and the antigenic group C virus, and many of which were located in antigenic sites. Our results indicated that the persistence of H9N2 AIV in China might be due to incomplete vaccine protection, and that the avian influenza vaccine should be regularly evaluated and updated to maintain optimal protection. Furthermore, the avian influenza vaccination policy also needs to be re-assessed, and increased veterinary biosecurity on farms, rather than vaccine application alone, should be implemented to prevent and control avian influenza. 相似文献
19.
Ozaki H Shimizu-Nei A Sugita S Sugiura T Imagawa H Kida H 《The Japanese journal of veterinary research》2001,48(4):177-186
To provide information on the antigenic variation of the hemagglutinins (HA) among equine H 3 influenza viruses, 26 strains isolated from horses in different areas in the world during the 1963-1996 period were analyzed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies recognizing at least 7 distinct epitopes on the H 3 HA molecule of the prototype strain A/equine/Miami/1/63 (H 3 N 8). The reactivity patterns of the virus strains with the panel indicate that antigenic drift of the HA has occurred with the year of isolation, but less extensively than that of human H 3 N 2 influenza virus isolates, and different antigenic variants co-circulate. To assess immunogenicity of the viruses, antisera from mice vaccinated with each of the 7 representative inactivated viruses were examined by neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. These results emphasize the importance of monitoring the antigenic drift in equine influenza virus strains and to introduce current isolates into vaccine. On the basis of the present results, equine influenza vaccine strain A/equine/Tokyo/2/71 (H 3 N 8) was replaced with A/equine/La Plata/1/93 (H 3 N 8) in 1996 in Japan. The present results of the antigenic analysis of the 26 strains supported the results of a phylogenetic analysis, that viruses belonging to each of the Eurasian and American equine influenza lineages have independently evolved. However, the current vaccine in Japan consists of two American H 3 N 8 strains; A/equine/Kentucky/1/81 and A/equine/La Plata/1/93. It is also therefore recommended that a representative Eurasian strain should be included as a replacement of A/equine/Kentucky/1/81. 相似文献
20.
Production, characterization and protective effect of monoclonal antibodies to Haemophilus paragallinarum serotype A. 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to Haemophilus paragallinarum serotype A were obtained by fusion of murine myeloma cells (P3-X63-Ag8-U1) and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with whole cells of strain 221. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with whole cells was used to show that the monoclonal antibodies are specific for serotype A of H. paragallinarum. Four monoclonal antibodies indicated hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) activity against serotype A; their titers were 10(4)-10(5). By western blotting, two of these monoclonal antibodies reacted with a protein of molecular weight 39,000. Chickens treated with mAbs possessing HAI activity survived without clinical signs of infection. No challenge strain was isolated from these chickens, indicating that four mAbs with HAI activity suppressed growth of the challenge strain in the nasal cavity, whereas mAbs without HAI activity showed no passive protective effect. These results demonstrated that HI antibodies contributed to protection, and strongly suggest that hemagglutinin (HA) antigen, especially the epitopes which were recognized by these mAbs are important for protective immunity in chickens. 相似文献