共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 421 毫秒
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《中国畜牧兽医文摘》2012,(9)
<正>奶牛热应激是奶牛对于不利其生理的高温环境产生的非特异性应答反应。奶牛正常体温38.5℃,适度的饲养环境温度为10℃～20℃,当环境温度超过25℃时便会出现应激反应,热应激严重影响奶牛采食量,据有关报道,奶牛在环境温度为22℃～25℃时采食量开始下降,25℃以上时采食量明显下降,26℃时采食量不会超过正常时的60%,40%以上时耐热性差的品种奶牛将停止采食,热应激还可使奶牛免疫球蛋白的产生减少, 相似文献
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热应激对奶牛生产性能的影响及预防措施 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1 热应激对奶牛生产性能的影响1 1 对奶牛采食量的影响 外界环境温度升高引起的热应激往往导致奶牛采食量下降。奶牛从2 2～ 2 5℃时采食量开始下降 ,30℃以上时急剧下降 ,40℃以上时不耐热的品种将停止采食。高温环境中奶牛采食量下降的程度因品种和饲料组成的差异而略显不同 ,但总的下降趋势基本一致。热应激导致奶牛采食量下降的机制为 :1 )奶牛在热应激时 ,体内三碘甲腺原氨酸T3、甲状腺素T4分泌量大幅度下降 ,影响胃肠蠕动 ,延长食糜过胃时间 ,使胃充盈 ,通过胃壁上的胃伸张感受器作用于下丘脑厌食中枢 ,反馈性地减少采食量 ;2 )… 相似文献
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夏季热应激对泌乳奶牛造成的危害极大，发生热应激时，奶牛为了减少体热会减少采食量。据测定，气温在22～25℃时，采食量开始下降；超过30℃，采食量下降10％以上；40℃以上时采食量下降50％以上，个别奶牛将停止采食。采食量的下降造成奶牛营养不良。研究表明，在21℃以上时，气温升高会引起体温上升，体温每升高0．6℃，采食量下降1．4kg，产奶量下降1．8kg， 相似文献
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缓解奶牛热应激的日粮调控措施 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着夏季气温的升高，奶牛热应激现象逐渐增多。奶牛热应激是指奶牛受到超过本身体温调节能力的刺激时，引起机体的一系列异常反应，主要表现为：体温升高，心跳和呼吸加快，采食量降低，产奶量和乳成分指标下降，同时还会影响繁殖能力，严重时会导致死亡。奶牛适宜的温度是8～22℃，如果气温高于25℃，奶牛就会产生明显的热应激，体温增高可达39．3℃以上。奶牛在热应激情况下采食量会降低10％～18％，干物质采食量由原来的每天22～25kg降到18kg左右。所以，为了缓解和预防奶牛热应激，建议在生产实践当中提高奶牛的日粮营养浓度，概括为以下几点： 相似文献
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奶牛适宜的温度范围为5-25℃,温度超过27℃,奶牛的采食量就会下降。当温度达到或超过32℃时,奶牛表现明显的热应激,出现张口、吐舌、呼吸加快的现象,采食量一般下降10%-40%,奶产量 相似文献
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添加矿物质和缓冲剂对热应激奶牛的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
热应激期间,奶牛干物质采食量(DMI)下降,同时产生的非特异性应答反应影响矿物质代谢,从而影响奶牛的正常生产性能。因此,热应激条件下应重视奶牛矿物质的营养问题。鲁中地区奶牛以秸秆型日粮为主,68月份平均气温25℃以上,最高气温可达37℃,奶牛最易出现DMI、产奶量下降等热应激症状。奶牛秸秆型日粮存在矿物质营养不平衡问题[1],热应激会加重矿物质缺乏程度,同时会加重瘤胃pH值下降问题。研究从采食量、产奶性能和血液矿物质含量等方面探讨了添加矿物质和缓冲剂对缓解秸秆型日粮奶牛热应激的影响程度。1材料与方法1.1试验动物的选择选择… 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献