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《当代畜禽养殖业》2008,(1)
为筛选奶牛泌乳期系列饲料配方,试验选用30头泌乳后期奶牛,参考胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数、膘情、体型等因素,采用随机区组对比设计,分为4组,即对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,组间差异不显著。对照组饲喂奶牛场使用的精料补充料,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂专门设计的奶牛饲料精料补充料A、B和C系列。结果表明:泌乳前期试验2组奶牛产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳中期试验组产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳后期试验组奶牛产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中以试验2组,即B饲料配方效果最为显著,显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。泌乳前期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。泌乳中期和泌乳后期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于试验1组和试验3组(P<0.05)。乳糖含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。由此可知,试验2组,即B系列饲料配方可以显著提高产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳干物质含量及日粮养分消化率。 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同剂量的复合酶制剂对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血清指标及生产性能的影响。选择体重、胎次[(2.30±0.06)胎]、产奶量[(37.00±0.03)kg/d]、泌乳天数[(90±0.15)d]相近的9头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成3组,每组3头。采用3×3拉丁方设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组Ⅰ和试验组Ⅱ分别在基础饲粮基础上添加10和20 g/(头·d)的复合酶制剂,进行3期动物试验。每期21 d,其中14 d为预试期,7 d为采样期。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加10 g/(头·d)的复合酶制剂显著提高奶牛瘤胃液中丁酸的浓度(P0.05),而对总挥发性脂肪酸和其他挥发性脂肪酸的浓度无显著影响(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加10 g/(头·d)的复合酶制剂显著提高奶牛对干物质、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率(P0.05),对酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率也有一定的提高作用(P=0.06);3)饲粮中添加10和20 g/(头·d)的复合酶制剂显著提高了奶牛的产奶量(P0.05),且10 g/(头·d)组的4%校正乳(4%FCM)产量、乳脂产量和乳糖产量分别较对照组提高4.85(P0.05)、0.49(P0.05)和0.32 kg/d(P0.05);4)复合酶制剂的添加未对奶牛血清指标产生显著影响(P0.05)。综上,饲粮中添加10 g/(头·d)复合酶制剂能够显著提高泌乳奶牛的产奶量、乳脂产量和瘤胃液丁酸浓度,且饲喂效果优于添加量为20 g/(头·d)时。综合考虑,泌乳奶牛饲粮中复合酶制剂的推荐添加量为10 g/(头·d)。 相似文献
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试验旨在研究泌乳中后期奶牛饲喂高能量水平日粮对其生产性能和饲料效率的影响。选取泌乳（220±10)d、妊娠（100±5)d、产奶量（20±5)kg的健康荷斯坦中产奶牛120头,随机分为2组,每组60头牛,对照组饲喂低能量（6.51 MJ/kg DM）全混合日粮（TMR）,试验组饲喂高能量（7.26 MJ/kg DM)TMR,预试期7d,正试期20d。结果表明：试验组的干物质采食量（DMI）、4%标准乳（FCM）产量较对照组分别增加2.26、1.55 kg/d(P<0.01）;试验组乳蛋白含量高于对照组（P<0.01）,而饲料效率（FE）和乳脂率呈下降趋势（P>0.05）;试验组奶牛饲料消化率（表观消化率、淀粉消化率）、淀粉降解速率、微生物产气量均高于对照组（P<0.01）,而挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、乙酸+丁酸含量低于对照组（P>0.05）;试验组千克奶饲料成本较对照组增加0.83元/（头·d）、经济效益减少16.2元/（头·d）。由此可见,泌乳中后期奶牛仍然饲喂高能量水平日粮会降低奶牛饲料效率,提高饲喂成本,应按照泌乳天数科学配制奶牛日粮。 相似文献
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《中国畜牧杂志》2017,(10)
本试验旨在研究不同浓度的活性干酵母对荷斯坦泌乳牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵参数及营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择体重、胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的45头荷斯坦泌乳牛,随机分为3个处理组,Ⅰ_0、Ⅱ_2、Ⅲ_5组分别在基础日粮中添加0、2、5 g/(d·头)活性干酵母(活细胞数≥200亿个/g)。试验预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:与Ⅰ_0组相比,Ⅲ5组泌乳牛的干物质采食量、产奶量、4%乳脂校正乳、乳脂产量分别显著提高1.23、0.99、1.92 kg/d和7.2%(P0.05),各处理组间其他乳成分无显著差异(P0.05);奶牛瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸和丁酸浓度未受活性干酵母的显著影响(P0.05),但与Ⅰ_0组相比,Ⅲ_5组奶牛瘤胃内丙酸浓度显著增加(P0.05),从而使得乙酸/丙酸显著降低(P0.05);活性干酵母有提高奶牛干物质(P=0.20)、粗蛋白(P=0.17)中性洗涤纤维(P=0.40)和酸性洗涤纤维(P=0.25)的表观消化率的趋势。综上所述,奶牛日粮中添加5 g/(d·头)活性干酵母可促进瘤胃丙酸型发酵,降低乙酸/丙酸,显著提高奶牛的采食量、产奶量和乳脂产量,具有明显的经济效益优势。 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和消化生理的影响。选择388头泌乳奶牛，根据体重、产奶量、泌乳天数相近原则，按照随机区组设计分为2组，即对照组和试验组，每组194头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮，试验组在基础饲粮中每头每天添加48 g复合有机酸。试验期共40 d，其中预试期10 d，正试期30 d。结果显示：与对照组相比，饲粮中添加复合有机酸可显著提高泌乳奶牛的干物质采食量、产奶量、乳脂率、4%乳脂校正产量以及钙的表观消化率（P<0.05），对乳蛋白率、体细胞数、体细胞评分以及干物质、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、磷的表观消化率没有显著影响（P>0.05）；饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著增加了泌乳奶牛的采食时长（P<0.05），但未显著影响躺卧时长、咀嚼次数、肢蹄评分、瘤胃充盈度评分、粪便评分、体表清洁度评分（P>0.05）。由此可见，添加复合有机酸能够提高泌乳奶牛的生产性能、钙表观消化率及采食时长。 相似文献
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饲喂复合益生菌对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文旨在研究不同剂量的复合益生菌制剂对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响。试验选用18头体重、胎次、产奶量均相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机设计,分为3个处理组,即(对照组)、0.6×1011 cfu/d(试验1组)与1.2×1011 cfu/d(试验2组),试验期70 d(预试期10 d,正试期60 d)。结果表明:试验1组、2组与对照组相比产奶量分别提高3.11%、4.80%,4%乳脂校正乳提高5.14%、8.07%,能量校正乳提高4.74%、8.76%,差异均显著(P<0.05);试验2组较对照组乳脂率和乳蛋白率分别提高5.56%、5.86%,并显著提高乳脂、乳蛋白、非脂乳固体物的产量(P<0.05)。两试验组牛奶中的乳糖率及乳糖产量与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。这表明,日粮中饲喂复合益生菌可以显著提高奶牛生产性能,从而提高饲料利用效率。 相似文献
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《中国饲料》2019,(21)
为研究内源酶激活剂对华南地区泌乳后期奶牛产奶量、乳成分和饲料消化率的影响,试验选取60头胎次(2胎)、泌乳天数[(212.99±3.84)d]、日均产奶量[(23.18±0.67)kg]相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,对照组前后饲喂2种基础日粮(基础日粮1和2),试验组在2种基础日粮中添加60 g/d·头内源酶激活剂,预试期7 d,日粮转换过渡期5 d,每种基础日粮添加试验的正式期为14 d,正式期共计28 d。结果表明:泌乳后期奶牛随着泌乳天数的增加产奶量呈现下降趋势,相比试验前1周,基础日粮2+激活剂第2周的产奶量下降达到显著水平(P 0.05),添加内源酶激活剂对产奶量无提升作用(P 0.05);同时,添加内源酶激活剂可一定程度上提高泌乳后期奶牛的乳脂和乳蛋白率,提高日粮氮的泌乳转化效率,降低乳中尿素氮含量,降低体细胞数,提高奶牛饲料消化率,但这些影响效应均未达到显著水平(P 0.05)。综上,内源酶激活剂可一定程度上改善泌乳后期奶牛的乳成分,提高饲料的消化率。 相似文献
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《饲料工业》2017,(17):56-60
试验旨在研究甘露寡糖(mannan-oligosaccharides MOS)对泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃发酵及生产性能的影响。选择4头泌乳天数为20 d,日产奶量30 kg左右,体重550 kg左右的经产(二胎)中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,随机分为两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加60 g的试验日粮,采用2×2交叉试验设计,每期21 d。结果表明:添加甘露寡糖可以显著提高奶牛瘤胃中总的挥发酸和氨态氮的含量(P<0.05),其中瘤胃液中乙酸含量有极显著差异(P<0.01),丙酸、丁酸的含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。对奶样进行分析,添加甘露寡糖可以显著提高乳脂率(P<0.05),并且明显降低乳中体细胞数(P<0.05),产奶量、乳蛋白和乳中尿素氮浓度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验表明,在日粮中添加甘露寡糖有助于提高奶牛瘤胃乙酸发酵比例,提高奶牛乳脂率。 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究高海拔低氧环境中饲喂N-氨甲酰谷氨酸（NCG）对奶牛养分表观消化率、泌乳性能、瘤胃发酵参数、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标以及抗高原反应指标的影响。选用胎次、体重、产奶量和体况评分相近的20头泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛×西藏黄牛杂交第3代奶牛,随机分为2组,每组10头。对照组（CON组）饲喂基础饲粮,NCG组在基础饲粮中添加20 g/（头·d） NCG。试验期45 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期30 d。结果表明：1) NCG组4%乳脂校正乳和饲料转化率比CON组分别提高39.35%和54.16%(P<0.05)。2）与CON组相比,NCG组产奶量和乳总固形物含量显著提升（P<0.05）,乳尿素氮含量降低19.61%(P=0.13),乳脂率提高8.53%(P=0.13)。3）与CON组相比,NCG组瘤胃液中的氨态氮（NH3-N）含量降低38.11%(P<0.05),微生物蛋白质含量提高12.43%(P<0.05),同时乙酸/丙酸比值具有升高的趋势（P=0.07）。4) NCG组血清总胆固醇含量和谷丙转氨酶活性相较于CON组显著降低（P<0.05）,血清甘油... 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献