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1.
氮 、磷肥互作对春小麦种子活力的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
春小麦是新疆主要的粮食作物,土壤中肥料施入量、施入比例不宜不仅会造成资源的浪费,还影响小麦种子的活力,限制了产量的提高.为明确施氮、磷肥与春小麦种子活力之间的关系,以北疆主栽春小麦品种新春31号为材料,通过发芽试验,研究了氮、磷肥互作对春小麦种子活力的影响.结果表明,氮、磷肥互作对春小麦种子活力各项指标的影响显著(p<00.5);随着氮、磷肥的逐渐增加,其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗苗长、根长和干重等指标均呈先增加后下降趋势;在磷肥150 kg/hm2,氮肥300 kg/hm2处理下种子活力达到最大值,施氮、磷量超出一定范围,其各项指标呈显著下降的趋势.因此在农业生产中,掌握适宜的氮、磷肥配比尤为关键.  相似文献   

2.
黄土高原长期施用磷肥效应研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
以黄土高原长期定位试验为基础,研究施一定量氮肥(90 kg/hm2)的前提下,长期施用磷肥对黄土高原旱作冬小麦的肥料效应。结果表明,长期施用磷肥的农田施磷仍能显著提高小麦的产量,增产量达1393.75~2121.00kg/hm2,增产率为48.41%~73.67%,本试验中施磷39.6 kg/hm2时小麦产量达最大值5000 kg/hm2,这与小麦成穗数最大时的施肥量结果一致;产量与施磷量关系用回归方程Y=-0.8667X2+82.641X+3008.4(R2=0.92)拟合效果良好;施磷主要是通过影响小麦成穗数来影响小麦产量,而对穗粒数和千粒重的促进作用不明显;施磷还可促进小麦对氮磷钾养分的吸收利用,提高肥料的肥效和利用率;施磷过少不能满足作物需求,小麦产量较低,施磷过多小麦产量不会随施肥量的增加继续提高,反而有一定幅度的下降。  相似文献   

3.
试验于2016-2017年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所北京试验基地进行,以强筋小麦藁优2018和师栾02-1,中筋小麦中麦8号和中麦175,弱筋小麦扬麦22和扬麦15为试验材料,设置拔节期追氮量75、105和135kg/hm2处理,探究追氮量对不同筋型小麦产量及农艺性状的调控效应。播种前底施纯磷135kg/hm2、纯氮105kg/hm2。结果表明,增加追氮量可以促进拔节期两极分化,减少无效分蘖,提高成穗数,其中对强筋小麦的影响大于对中筋和弱筋小麦的影响。在75～135kg/hm2范围内增加追氮量可提高各品种的叶面积指数(LAI),减缓开花到灌浆期间LAI的下降速度,对中筋小麦的效果最明显。小麦株高、穗长和结实小穗数均以追氮量135kg/hm2最高,不孕小穗数则随着追氮量增加显著减少。在追氮量75～135kg/hm2范围内,各筋型小麦品种籽粒产量、成穗数、穗粒数及千粒重均随追氮量的增加而显著提高,以追氮量135kg/hm2最高。  相似文献   

4.
通过不同氮肥的定位增减量在小麦上的应用,结果表明:增氮5%能增加株高、结实小穗、穗粒数及千粒重,减少不孕小穗,从而提高产量,产量水平为6 790.5 kg/hm~2,较空白对照增加823.5 kg/hm~2;随着施氮量的增加,小麦干物质积累增加,利于千粒重提高;氮肥贡献率、氮肥农学效率随着施氮量的增加呈现递增趋势,氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的减少而缓慢减少。  相似文献   

5.
以30个小麦品种为研究对象,采用随机区组试验,设3个重复,对13个主要农艺性状与产量进行相关分析和通径分析,分析参试品种的农艺指标与产量的关系。结果表明:各性状与产量的相关性表现为千粒重穗长穗粒重苗叶宽有效分蘖数株高苗叶长生物学产量小穗粒数不育小穗数每穗小穗数分蘖数穗粒数,千粒重与产量达到极显著正相关,穗长与产量呈显著负相关。在通径分析中,直接通径系数的变化规律为穗粒重穗粒数千粒重苗叶宽不育小穗数有效分蘖数株高每穗小穗数生物学产量分蘖数苗叶长穗长小穗粒数。因此,高产选育应充分考虑千粒重和穗粒重高的小麦品种。  相似文献   

6.
干旱胁迫对小麦农艺性状的影响   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  
为了研究干旱胁迫对小麦主要性状的影响及其机理,选用8个抗旱性不同的小麦品种,在干旱胁迫和正常灌溉两种水分环境下,进行随机区组试验,用方差分析、t测验、和通径分析等方法分析试验结果。结果表明：干旱胁迫导致小麦株高降低,单株产量和千粒重下降,单株穗数、总小穗数和穗粒数减少,穗长缩短,不育小穗数增多;各性状对干旱胁迫敏感程度都存在显著的品种间差异;除千粒重外,各性状的环境间差异均达到极显著水平;千粒重和单株产量的品种与环境互作达显著或极显著水平;各品种的抗旱指数差异显著;通径分析表明,各性状对单株产量的直接影响：穗粒数〉单株穗数〉千粒重〉穗长〉不育小穗数〉总小穗数〉株高。干旱胁迫对小麦主要性状的影响显著,晋麦47、新旱1号和洛旱3号对干旱胁迫的抗耐性较好。  相似文献   

7.
为解决吉林省半干旱区磷肥施用量大且利用率低下的问题,研究膜下滴灌模式下不同磷肥用量对玉米生长、产量及土壤磷素平衡的影响,研究结果可为该模式下磷肥高效利用提供最佳策略。2014—2015年在吉林省半干旱区开展了玉米膜下滴灌田间试验,共设置0、40、70、100、130 kg/hm~25个磷肥用量,在拔节期、大口期、吐丝期和灌浆期,随滴灌进行追肥。测定了不同处理玉米干物质积累量、磷素营养、产量及磷肥利用率。结果表明:施磷显著影响玉米的产量,在0～100 kg/hm~2施磷范围内,玉米的产量均随施磷量的增加而增加,当施磷量达到130 kg/hm~2时,玉米产量开始下降。利用线性加平台模型拟合玉米产量和施磷量的关系得出,2014、2015年获得最高产量的最佳施磷量分别为78.51 kg/hm~2和77.84 kg/hm~2,两年平均为78.18 kg/hm~2。施磷也显著增加玉米的干物质积累量和吸磷量,玉米的干物质积累量和吸磷量均随施磷量的增加呈现先增加后降低趋势。施磷处理条件下土壤每年均有不同程度的磷素盈余,回归分析表明,施磷量与土壤磷素表观盈余量呈极显著的线性正相关关系,依据该方程求得,2014和2015年土壤磷素持平时施磷量分别为89.03 kg/hm~2和62.20 kg/hm~2,两年平均为75.61 kg/hm~2。施磷对玉米磷肥利用效率有显著的影响,随磷肥用量的增加,磷肥偏生产力、磷肥农学效率呈显著下降趋势,P100处理的磷肥当季回收效率两年均与P40处理无显著性差异,而显著高于其他处理。综合考虑玉米产量、干物质积累量、磷肥利用率及土壤磷素表观平衡,吉林省半干旱区膜下滴灌玉米的最佳施磷量范围75.61～78.18 kg/hm~2,可提高产量,并能维持土壤磷素表观平衡,保证磷肥的高效利用。  相似文献   

8.
王平 《中国种业》2014,(12):58-61
采用灰色关联分析,探讨了春小麦品种主要农艺性状与收获指数的相互关系及其对产量的影响。结果表明,春小麦品种主要农艺性状变异系数从大到小依次为穗颈长〉主茎生物产量〉穗长〉千粒重〉株高〉产量〉穗粒数〉单穗重〉收获指数〉小穗数〉总生物产量;春小麦品种主要农艺性状对收获指数关联度顺序为单穗重〉产量〉穗粒数〉千粒重〉总生物产量〉株高〉穗颈长〉主茎生物产量〉穗长〉小穗数。  相似文献   

9.
旱地麦田夏覆盖和磷肥调控对小麦籽粒碳氮积累的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
针对覆盖保水增产但会降低籽粒含氮量问题,以休闲期深翻后全覆盖、半覆盖和不覆盖(对照)为主区,以播前配施磷肥(P2O5) 75(低磷,LP),135(中磷,MP),180 kg/hm~2(高磷,HP)为副区,在山西省南部开展试验,以期为该地区旱地小麦提供产量与品质同步提升的耕作栽培技术。结果表明,与不覆盖相比,夏覆盖播种期土壤蓄水量显著提高,达27. 47～43. 09 mm,休闲期蓄水效率显著提高,达7. 51%～11. 79%,且全覆盖显著高于半覆盖;夏覆盖配施磷肥有利于增加花前土壤蓄水量,降低开花期土壤蓄水量,全覆盖配施135 kg/hm~2磷肥幅度最大;同等磷肥条件下,夏覆盖产量和水分利用效率分别提高27%～51%和18%～29%,全覆盖产量高于半覆盖;全覆盖条件下,135 kg/hm~2磷肥可促进灌浆初期和中期籽粒淀粉积累、灌浆初期蛋白质积累;夏覆盖配施135 kg/hm~2磷肥成熟期籽粒的淀粉含量、淀粉和蛋白质产量提高,但籽粒蛋白质含量降低,且全覆盖高于半覆盖,籽粒蛋白质含量相反。此外,旱地麦田夏覆盖配施磷肥条件下,籽粒产量与播种期、返青期、拔节期土壤蓄水量呈显著正相关,与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关、与蛋白质含量呈负相关;开花期土壤蓄水量与淀粉含量和蛋白质含量呈负相关。籽粒产量、淀粉和蛋白质产量回归方程拟合曲线为线性函数,最高点是全覆盖配施135 kg/hm~2磷肥处理。可见,休闲期深翻后覆盖能够显著提高播前底墒,配施磷肥有利于返青期和拔节期土壤蓄水量增加,开花期土壤蓄水量降低,促进营养器官前期生长发育和灌浆前期的籽粒碳氮积累,最终达到产量和品质同步提升的目的。综合而言,山西省南部旱地小麦采用休闲期深翻后全覆盖配施135 kg/hm~2磷肥是实现产量和品质同步提高的耕作栽培技术。  相似文献   

10.
为了探讨玉米秸秆全量还田下氮磷钾肥运筹方式对小麦产量及构成因素的影响,以冬小麦‘皖麦52’为试验材料,在长期小麦-玉米连作试验地上对一年玉米秸秆全量还田下不同氮磷钾肥运筹方式进行了研究。结果表明,一年秸秆全量还田除对小麦千粒重影响显著外,对产量及其他构成影响均不显著,同时随施氮量的增加千粒重呈下降趋势,千粒重最高的处理是N24P12K12(41.5 g);不同氮磷钾肥运筹方式对小麦产量影响极显著,产量最高的施氮水平为N30P12K12(8572.5 kg/hm2),施磷水平为N36P18K12(9028.5 kg/hm2),施钾水平为N36P12K12(8500.5 kg/hm2),除钾肥运筹对穗数影响达显著水平外,对其他产量构成影响均达极显著水平;秸秆还田与施氮互作对小麦产量及其构成影响不显著,与施磷互作除对穗粒数影响达显著水平外,对产量及其他构成影响均达极显著水平;与施钾互作除对小麦产量及穗粒数影响达显著水平外,对其他构成影响均不显著。  相似文献   

11.
Jens Jensen 《Euphytica》1979,28(1):47-56
Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.  相似文献   

12.
G. H. Kroon 《Euphytica》1994,76(1-2):125-125
Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.  相似文献   

13.
[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...  相似文献   

14.
Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.  相似文献   

16.
T. Visser  E. H. Oost 《Euphytica》1981,30(1):65-70
Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.  相似文献   

17.
Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.  相似文献   

18.
J. T. Fletcher 《Euphytica》1992,63(1-2):33-49
Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.  相似文献   

19.
The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.  相似文献   

20.
The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.  相似文献   

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