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正水体中的污染物主要来自有机物。水体中的有机物来源于两个方面:一是外界向水体中排放有机物;二是生长在水体中的生物群体产生的有机物以及水体底泥释放的有机物。在养殖水体中,有机污染物主要包括氮、碳、磷、硫4种,氮的分子氨态及亚硝酸氮态存在形式对水生动物产生很强的神经性毒害。高密度养殖模式加大了水体有机氮物质分解转化的负荷,微生物分解环节严重受阻,从而制约了水体系统循环 相似文献
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《淡水渔业》2021,51(3)
为了研究生态基对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)养殖池塘氮,磷累积的影响,对大口黑鲈进行了6个月的室外池塘养殖试验。养殖期间不同时间段内分别对养殖水体亚硝态氮(NO_2-N)、硝态氮(NO_3-N)、铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总有机碳(TOC)含量以及养殖池塘底泥的TN、 TP、TOC含量进行了测定。结果显示:养殖水体氮相关指标中,生态基处理组TN、NO~-_3-N、NH~+_4-N含量极显著低于对照组,N累积显著低于对照组;生态基处理组TP含量极显著低于对照组,水体P累积显著低于对照组。池塘底泥中碳、氮、磷相关指标中,生态基处理组池塘底泥TOC、TN、TP含量与对照组无显著差异。实验结果表明,挂设生态基对降低大口黑鲈养殖池塘水体氮、磷含量有显著效果。 相似文献
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基于15N稳定同位素技术的斜生栅藻对硝氮和氨氮吸收研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
硝氮(NO3--N)和氨氮(NH4+-N)是水体中无机氮的主要形态。利用15N稳定同位素技术研究了斜生栅藻(Scendesmus obliquus)对NO3--N和NH4+-N的吸收特征。结果显示,在相同浓度条件下,斜生栅藻对NH4+-N的吸收速率显著高于对NO3--N的吸收率,在180min的试验中,对15NH4+-N的吸收速率为0.62～1.15μmol/(g·min);对15NO3--N的吸收速率为0.08～0.15μmol/(g·min)。在NO3--N和NH4+-N2种形态氮源同时存在的混合组中,斜生栅藻对NO3--N的吸收速率[0.12～1.00μmol/(g·min)]显著低于NO3--N作为唯一氮源的单一组[0.78～1.23μmol/(g·min)],表明NH4+-N的存在对藻类吸收NO3--N有抑制作用。在14NO3--N和15NO3--N同时存在时,斜生栅藻优先吸收14NO3--N,产生同位素分馏效应,但不同形态氮对藻类氮吸收的影响远远大于同位素的影响。 相似文献
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珠江三角洲基塘氮磷的含量分布及与水质关系初步探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采集珠江三角洲顺德基塘水和底泥样,测定NH4+-N、NO3-N、NO2——N以及水体中的TOC、DO、BOD,研究基塘水体中氮的形态分布及其水化学影响因素.测定结果表明,氮几种形态在水体中的垂直分布变化不明显,但在水体和底泥中的分布差别很大.水体中的硝酸盐氮含量比亚硝酸盐氮含量高,底泥中硝酸盐氮含量大幅度降低,亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮含量升高,表明底泥对硝酸盐氮释放通量较大.氮和水化学指标之间的关系:DO与硝酸盐氮呈负相关;TOC与总氮呈负相关,与亚硝酸盐氮呈正相关,总有机碳与氮相关性显著;回归方程显示水体环境中的氮主要和BOD关系密切.总氮与硝酸盐氮呈正相关,与亚硝酸盐氮呈负相关;基塘水体有效态无机氮的变化主要是由硝酸盐氮决定.磷和水化学因子之间的关系:DO与正磷酸盐呈正相关,BOD与正磷酸盐呈负相关;COD与总磷呈正相关. 相似文献
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中华绒螯蟹有机和常规养殖池塘底泥氮磷溶出特性研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用室内模拟研究的方法,研究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)有机和常规养殖底泥中氮、磷的溶出规律。结果显示:有机组氨态氮溶出总量明显高于常规组,覆水前期,底泥厚度是决定氨态氮溶出总量的主要因子,中后期底泥类型成为主要因素。相同厚度底泥中有机组硝态氮的污染负荷明显低于常规组。常规组较有机组更容易在短时间内溶出硝态氮和亚硝态氮。5 cm和10 cm底泥厚度下有机组溶出总磷量分别高于常规组60.5%和56.5%,但在前4 d有机组的溶出速率低于常规组,应提早换水以有效控制总磷浓度。 相似文献
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硝氮（NO3--N）和氨氮（NH4＋-N）是水体中无机氮的主要形态。利用15N稳定同位素技术研究了斜生栅藻（Scendesmus obliquus）对NO3--N和NH4＋-N的吸收特征。结果显示,在相同浓度条件下,斜生栅藻对NH4＋-N的吸收速率显著高于对NO3--N的吸收率,在180min的试验中,对15NH4＋-N的吸收速率为0.62～1.15μmol/（g·min）;对15NO3--N的吸收速率为0.08～0.15μmol/（g·min）。在NO3--N和NH4＋-N2种形态氮源同时存在的混合组中 相似文献
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监测苦草生长过程中根系及沉积物中磷含量和形态的时空变化,探讨苦草根系在生长过程中对沉积物磷时空分布的影响。聚乙烯塑料桶中铺设沉积物为暴发水华水体的底泥,厚度10cm,干重4 821.00g,底泥铺设完毕后缓慢注入100L水(TP 0.02mg/L)。试验桶种植2g苦草休眠芽。沉积物样品磷形态分析采用国际通用的SMT法,在采集沉积物同时采集苦草样品,测定根系生长情况及根系在沉积物中的分布。结果表明:苦草在生长过程中能降低沉积物各层总磷(TP)、NaOH提取磷(NaOH-P)、HCl提取磷(HCl-P)、无机磷(IP)和有机磷(OP)的含量,沉积物各形态磷含量的下降速率为:NaOH-PHCl-PIP=OP;随着苦草根系的生长,在苦草根系分布区沉积物中各形态磷的含量明显低于非根系分布区。苦草根系通过对环境因子氧化还原电位和pH的改变从而影响根系周围沉积物磷的含量,沉积物中各形态磷含量随着苦草根系面积的增加而减小。 相似文献
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Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Iciar Martinez Amaya Velasco Ricardo Pérez-Martín Eskil Forås Michiaki Yamashita Carmen G. Sotelo 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(4):289-297
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus. 相似文献
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In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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Qin-Cheng Huang Di‐Gen Qin Bei‐Ping Tan Tao Du Yuan-Zhi Yang Qi-hui Yang Shu‐Yan Chi Xiao-hui Dong 《Aquaculture Research》2020,51(2):816-827
A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg. 相似文献