Adaption of a formula for simulating bedload transport in the Nile River,Egypt     

Abdelhaleem  Fahmy Salah  Amin  Ahmed Mostafa  Basiouny  Mohamed Elsayed  Ibraheem  Heba Fathy 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2020,20(3):1742-1753

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Bedload transport discharge is important in river engineering and morphodynamics. The Meyer-Peter and Müller (MPM) equation for determining bedload transport...  相似文献   

Epidural anesthesia in Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): a comparison of lidocaine,xylazine and a combination of lidocaine and xylazine     

Mohamed M. Shokry  Abdelhaleem H. Elkasapy 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):707-710

Objective

To evaluate and compare the analgesic effects of a combination of lidocaine and xylazine to lidocaine or xylazine administered alone for epidural anesthesia in Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

Study design

Prospective, randomized, ‘blinded’, crossover experimental study.

Animals

A total of 12 female Egyptian water buffalo.

Methods

Buffalo were randomly assigned to one of three epidural treatments administered through the sacrococcygeal joint: a local anesthetic (2% lidocaine, 0.22 mg kg^?1), an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist (xylazine, 0.1 mg kg^?1) or a combination of both drugs in a crossover fashion with a 14 day washout period. The total volume of each treatment was fixed at 7.0 mL by adding 0.9% NaCl. Onset, maximal effect, and duration of epidural anesthesia were recorded.

Results

Caudal epidural anesthesia was easily performed, and all three treatments produced local anesthesia of the tail and perineal structures of standing buffalo. Onset of epidural anesthesia was faster (p < 0.05) with lidocaine (3.4 ± 0.9 minutes) than with xylazine (9.1 ± 1.1 minutes) or lidocaine-xylazine (6.4 ± 1.1 minutes). The maximal effect of epidural anesthesia was reached faster (p < 0.05) with lidocaine (5.9 ± 0.64 minutes) than xylazine (14.4 ± 1.1 minutes) or lidocaine-xylazine (12.9 ± 0.64 minutes). The duration of epidural anesthesia was longer (p < 0.05) with lidocaine-xylazine (145.8 ± 3.3 minutes) than either lidocaine (118.4 ± 2.7 minutes) or xylazine (102.1 ± 3.7 minutes) administered alone. None of the treatments produced ataxia.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Caudal epidural anesthesia was easily performed in Egyptian water buffalo by administering a local anesthetic, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist or a combination of both drugs through the sacrococcygeal joint. Administering a combination of lidocaine and xylazine provided a longer duration of anesthesia than either drug used alone. Epidural xylazine provided a useful level of systemic sedation without ataxia.  相似文献