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Fouch Nakisha Baldwin Robert F. Gerard Patrick Dyckman Caitlin Theobald David M. 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(8):1967-1987
Context
With underrepresentation of habitats in publicly protected areas, attention has focused on the function of alternative land conservation mechanisms. Private conservation easements (CEs) have proliferated in the United States, yet assessing landscape-level function is confounded by varying extent, resolution, and temporal scale.
ObjectivesWe developed and tested an assessment tool to evaluate interacting spatial, social, and environmental attributes of easements relative to the degree of human modification (HM). We hypothesized that on both private and public conservation properties HM would be lower than on non-conserved parcels, and that for fine-scale features (most CEs), the level of HM would be driven by the variables used to create the coarser scale HM measure.
MethodsVariation in HM between private, public, and non-conserved was tested via pairwise parcel sampling. Composition was evaluated using multiple geographic bounds and edge characteristics. We assessed both environmental and social predictors using multinomial logistic regression.
ResultsPrivately conserved lands did not differ significantly from non-conserved lands. Publicly conserved lands had lower HM than both privately conserved and non-conserved lands. Edge contrast was similar between private and matched non-conserved patches. The level of HM was not driven by distance to roads, or by elevation in this mixed-use setting.
ConclusionsVariation in tests for differences, land characteristics, and HM variables confirmed the significantly lower HM of publicly protected lands, and opens the question as to naturalness of easements in some contexts. CEs in this location may be representative of the mixed rural-forested landscape instead of more natural land cover.
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Thompson HJ Heimendinger J Gillette C Sedlacek SM Haegele A O'neill C Wolfe P 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(15):6126-6132
It is well established that vegetables and fruit (VF) contain antioxidant phytochemicals. Consequently, it is expected that individuals who consume diets with a high content of VF should be better protected against oxidative cellular damage than individuals who do not, but not all data support this assumption. The objective of this study was to identify possible explanations for this conundrum. The effects of two diets that differed in VF content on markers of oxidative damage were studied. Sixty-four women participated in a 14-day dietary intervention. Subjects consumed on average either 3.6 or 12.1 servings of VF per day. The primary end points assessed were 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) in peripheral lymphocyte DNA and 8-isoprostaglandin F-2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha) excreted in urine. Subjects consuming the high versus low VF diet had lower concentrations of 8-oxo-dG (p < 0.01) and of 8-iso-PGF2alpha (p < 0.01). However, the reduction in oxidative end points by high VF was not uniform. Rather, an antioxidant effect was observed primarily in individuals whose oxidative end points at baseline were above the median for the study population. Using change in plasma carotenoids (end point minus baseline measurements) as an index of phytochemical intake, the reduction in oxidative markers was inversely proportional to change in plasma carotenoids; this effect was stronger for lipid peroxidation (p < 0.01) than DNA oxidation (p < 0.05). These findings imply that increasing exogenous antioxidant exposure may primarily benefit individuals with elevated levels of oxidative stress. Null findings do not necessarily indicate that an antioxidant compound lacks in vivo activity. 相似文献
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Sarah Dodd Maureen Barry Caitlin Grant Adronie Verbrugghe 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2021,105(Z2):29-36
A 4-month-old male Old English Sheepdog was presented for evaluation of a raw meat-based homemade diet after a 1-month history of progressive lameness. Marked dietary deficiencies were detected, which included calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. Hypovitaminosis D and hypocalcaemia were diagnosed by serum analysis. Evidence of severe diffuse osteopenia was noted on survey radiographs. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to quantify bone mineral content and density and compare to published reference ranges. The puppy's initial bone mineralization was markedly subnormal, with bone mineral density 66% lower than expected, and bone mineral content 40% lower than expected. Subsequent DEXA scans were performed at intervals during the puppy's recovery to document the rate of bone re-mineralization and guide therapeutic recommendations. Marked improvement was achieved within 4 months through exercise control and feeding of a diet appropriately formulated for large breed puppy growth and development. This report reinforces the necessity of thorough dietary history and highlights the potential for malnutrition in pets fed homemade and raw meat-based diets. Use of DEXA has rarely been reported in clinical cases, yet can be a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring cases with abnormal bone mineralization. Further studies using DEXA to track bone mineralization in healthy puppies are encouraged to develop a more robust reference range of bone mineralization in growing dogs of varying sizes, weights and ages. 相似文献
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Francisco O. Conrado Nicholas Iapoce Mainity Batista-Linhares Sharleen Lopez Morgan H. Matthews Caroline A. McKinney Caitlin Rothacker 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2020,49(4):624-631
An 18-year-old, grey, Thoroughbred Cross gelding was referred to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University following a 3-week history of low-grade fever of unknown origin, distal limb swelling, and weight loss. Clinical examination identified a few black, round, smooth nodules along the ventral aspect of the proximal tail. Transabdominal ultrasound showed a markedly enlarged heterogenous spleen, hyperechoic liver nodules, and evidence of peritonitis with fibrin deposition. A mature neutrophilia was noted on complete blood count with variable numbers of phagocytized granules within neutrophils. The granules did not stain with Perl's Prussian blue, and were intensely positive when stained with Fontana-Mason, consistent with melanin. On necropsy, the spleen occupied approximately one-third of the abdominal cavity and was diffusely firm with abundant black pigment on cut section. The medullary space of the 18th thoracic vertebra was also diffusely blackened. The splenic, mediastinal, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were five times the normal size and diffusely pigmented. The final anatomic diagnosis was disseminated malignant melanoma with extensive splenic involvement and hemolymphatic and vascular neoplastic dissemination. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first full report to identify circulating neutrophils containing phagocytized melanin granules, which confirmed an antemortem diagnosis of disseminated melanoma. 相似文献
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Caitlin LewisJenifer Nadeau MS PhD Thomas HoaglandMichael Darre MS PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2014
Four Morgan mares and five Morgan geldings ranging in age from 5- to 12-years-old were fitted with Global Positioning System units to determine if season has an influence on travel pattern. Body and hoof growth measurements were obtained so that the influence of season on body condition and hoof growth could be determined. Waist and heart circumference, cresty neck score, and body condition score were determined in each season. The ambient temperature and precipitation was recorded for each season. Waist circumference was the greatest (P < .05) in the spring and summer and the least in the fall and winter. Hoof growth was the greatest (P < .05) in the fall and the least in the winter. The front and rear hooves grew at similar rates in all horses. Hoof growth in geldings and mares were also similar. The average distances traveled were similar across seasons; however, the horse did numerically travel more in the spring and summer compared with the fall and winter. The range of the travel pattern was influenced by season with the horses traveling significantly less in the winter, although the average travel distances were similar. In conclusion, season in temperate zones will influence body condition, hoof growth, and pattern of travel, but the total distance traveled will be similar. Further research needs to be conducted to determine the influence of season on hoof growth and travel patterns. 相似文献
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Caitlin N Cadaret Marytza D Abebe Taylor L Barnes Robert J Posont Dustin T Yates 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(6)
Pathogenic infections increase morbidity and reduce performance in livestock, and thus understanding the comprehensive physiological changes associated with infections can benefit production sustainability. In this study, we sought to investigate such physiological responses to an acute immune challenge in lambs. Polypay wethers received single IV injections of 1.5 µg/kg lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS-injected; n = 6) or saline (controls; n = 6). Corneal temperatures (via infrared thermography), rectal temperatures, blood, plasma, and saliva were assessed every 2 hr for 10 hr after injections. Blood was also assessed at 24 hr. LPS-injected lambs exhibited elevated (P < 0.05) corneal and rectal temperatures that peaked at 4 hr but were still slightly greater (P < 0.05) than controls at 10 hr. Circulating total white blood cells, monocytes, and granulocytes were reduced (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs within the first 4 hr but were subsequently greater (P < 0.05) than in controls. Lymphocytes were reduced (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs over the first 8 hr and did not differ from controls thereafter. Red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were increased (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs over the first 6 hr, indicating mild dehydration. Blood glucose briefly increased (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs at 2 hr but was less (P < 0.05) than in controls thereafter. Blood lactate was greater (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs between 6 and 10 hr after injections, which together with reduced (P < 0.05) CO2 partial pressure indicated a metabolic shift toward glycolysis. LPS-injected lambs exhibited a transient increase (P < 0.05) in plasma TNFα at 2 and 4 hr only and sustained increases (P < 0.05) in CXCL9 and CXCL10 beginning at 6 and 4 hr, respectively. They also exhibited a mild, paradoxical increase (P < 0.05) in the anti-inflammatory sFRP3. Salivary TNFα was increased (P < 0.05) in LPS-injected lambs at 2 hr only. Regression analyses indicated that rectal temperatures were a generally poor predictor of the other inflammatory components in this study, with the exception of circulating leukocyte populations. Likewise, correlations among the 10 cytokines measured in this study were generally weak, with notable exceptions between CXCL9 and CXCL10 and between IL-21 and IFNγ. These findings demonstrate that physiological changes to even short-lived immune challenges are dynamic in nature and persist beyond the time frame of febrile responses and other common assessments. 相似文献
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