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1.
试验旨在研究大蒜多糖对肉鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响,选取200只1日龄健康、体质相近的雄性爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机设计分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加500、1 000、1 500 mg/kg的大蒜多糖,试验期42 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1 000、1 500 mg/kg组肉鸡在22～42日龄的平均日增重显著提高,耗料增重比显著降低;1 000、1 500 mg/kg组肉鸡在21、42日龄时的胸腺指数、法氏囊指数较对照组显著提高;1 000、1 500 mg/kg组肉鸡21日龄血清IgG含量较对照组显著提高。综上可见,大蒜多糖能够提高肉鸡的生长性能和免疫功能,且添加量为1 000 mg/kg较适宜。  相似文献   

2.
本试验在22～63日龄黄羽肉鸡日粮中添加不同水平的半胱胺,研究半胱胺对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、肉质及机体抗氧化能力的影响.选用750只21日龄黄羽肉鸡(母鸡)随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复50只鸡.预饲1周后,在肉鸡基础日粮中分别添加0、60和120 mg/kg半胱胺,鸡饲养至63日龄结束.结果表明,在黄羽肉鸡日粮中添加120 mg/kg半胱胺可显著提高22～42日龄肉鸡的平均日增重和平均日采食量(P<0.05),对22～42日龄肉鸡的料重比及43～63日龄肉鸡的平均日增重、平均日采食量及料重比无显著影响(P>0.05);添加60 mg/kg半胱胺可显著提高63日龄黄羽肉鸡肌肉pH45 min、肌内脂肪含量和肌肉嫩度(P<0.05),显著降低宰后45 min 肌肉亮度(L*45 min)(P<0.05),添加60和120 mg/kg半胱胺可显著提高63日龄黄羽肉鸡肌肉系水力(P<0.05);添加60 mg/kg半胱胺可显著提高63日龄黄羽肉鸡血清和肌肉中谷胱甘肽含量(P<0.05),显著提高肌肉中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性和总抗氧化能力(P<0.05),肌肉中巯基含量有提高趋势,丙二醛含量有降低趋势;添加60 mg/kg 半胱胺可显著提高63日龄黄羽肉鸡肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、腺苷一磷酸脱氨酶1、过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体-γ基因的表达(P<0.05).结果提示:在22～63日龄黄羽肉鸡日粮中添加120 mg/kg半胱胺能显著提高22～42日龄鸡的生长性能(P<0.05);在22～63日龄黄羽肉鸡只粮中添加60 mg/kg半胱胺能显著提高63日龄鸡的肌内脂肪含量、肌肉嫩度、肌肉pH及系水力,提高机体抗氧化能力(P<0.05).  相似文献   

3.
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平维生素A对22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、血清和肝脏维生素A含量及抗氧化能力的影响。选用22日龄快长型岭南黄羽肉公鸡1 440只,根据体重均衡原则随机分为6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复40只。各处理维生素A添加水平分别为0(对照组)、750、1 500、3 000、6 000、12 000 IU/kg。试鸡自由采食与饮水,饲养21 d。结果表明:1)饲粮添加维生素A显著提高试鸡42日龄体重和平均日增重(P<0.05),并显著降低料重比(P<0.05),添加维生素A 1 500、3 000 IU/kg显著提高试鸡平均日采食量(P<0.05)。2)随维生素A添加水平升高,试鸡血清、肝脏维生素A含量显著提高(P<0.05)。添加维生素A 12 000 IU/kg组血清和肝脏维生素A含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),添加维生素A 3 000、6 000 IU/kg组血清维生素A含量显著高于除添加维生素A 12 000 IU/kg组外的其他各组(P<0.05),添加维生素A 6 000 IU/kg组肝脏维生素A含量显著高于除添加维生素A 12000 IU/kg组外的其他各组(P<0.05)。3)饲粮中添加维生素A 1 500、3 000、6 000 IU/kg可显著提高试鸡血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力(P<0.05),添加维生素A可显著提高肝脏GSH-Px活力(P<0.05);添加维生素A 1 500、3 000、6 000、12 000 IU/kg可显著降低血清丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05),添加维生素A 3 000 IU/kg可显著降低肝脏MDA含量(P<0.05)。结果提示,饲粮添加维生素A 3 000～6 000 IU/kg能维持血清维生素A含量稳定,提高机体抗氧化能力,从而促进22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡生长。  相似文献   

4.
试验选用360只岭南黄肉鸡，研究谷维素对生长性能和脂肪代谢的影响，试验鸡分为3个组，每组3个重复。试验分为2个阶段，1。21日龄阶段各组分别饲喂含谷维素0、25和75mg／kg的日粮，22～49日龄阶段各组分别饲喂含谷维素0、30和90mg/kg的日粮。试验结果表明，日粮中添加谷维素对黄羽肉鸡生长性能无显著影响；在0～21日龄阶段，日粮中添加75mg／kg谷维素可使黄羽肉鸡血清中的总胆固醇含量下降20．77％（P〈0．05），甘油三酯下降27．66％（P〈0．05）；在22。49日龄阶段，日粮中添加60和90mg／kg谷维素可使血清中的高密度脂蛋白分别增加30．45％（P〈0．05）和27．16％（P〈0．05），添加90rag／rag谷维素使血清中甘油三酯降低33．85％（P〈0．05）。  相似文献   

5.
采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选用1日龄快长型岭南黄羽肉公雏1 800只,分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复50只鸡。处理1为空白对照组,处理2、3、4、5、6饲粮中烟酸添加水平分别为25、50、75、100、125 mg/kg,探讨1～21日龄黄羽肉鸡烟酸需要量。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组21日龄体重、日增重显著提高,料重比降低(P0.05)。添加烟酸对试验鸡胫骨重量、长度和折断强度影响均不显著(P0.05)。与空白对照组相比,添加烟酸25 mg/kg可显著降低试验鸡血浆低密度脂蛋白固醇(LDL-C)水平(P0.05),添加50 mg/kg时,可显著降低游离脂肪酸(NEFA)水平(P0.05),当添加量超过125 mg/kg时,LDL-C和NEFA水平与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),但总甘油三酯(TG)水平则明显升高,与各组差异显著(P0.05)。以日增重为评价指标,依据双斜率拐点模型,1～21日龄黄羽肉鸡烟酸需要量为25mg/kg,低于NRC(1994)1～21日龄肉仔鸡烟酸推荐量35 mg/kg。  相似文献   

6.
《饲料工业》2019,(22):16-21
通过日粮中添加果寡糖(FOS)测定其对肉鸡生长性能、消化酶活性和短链脂肪酸的影响,研究果寡糖在肉鸡生产中的应用效果。试验选取250只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡,随机分为5个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。处理组CON为对照组,饲喂不添加果寡糖的基础日粮;处理组FOS_(125)、FOS_(250)、FOS_(500)、FOS_(1000)分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加125、250、500、1 000 mg/kg FOS的日粮。试验结果表明,与CON组相比,添加250 mg/kg FOS不仅能够显著提高肉鸡平均日采食量(P<0.05)和十二指肠食糜中淀粉酶活性(P<0.05),还能够提高22 d肉鸡盲肠食糜中戊酸含量。同时饲料中添加125 mg/kg和500 mg/kg FOS也能显著提高肉鸡盲肠食糜中戊酸含量(P<0.05)。由此可知,肉鸡饲料中果寡糖的最佳添加量为250 mg/kg。  相似文献   

7.
试验旨在研究在小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加不同水平复合酶制剂(含木聚糖酶8.5×105、纤维素酶7.5×105、β-葡聚糖酶5万和植酸酶2 000 U/kg)对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标的影响。试验选用840只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为7组,每组6个重复,每重复20只鸡。对照组Ⅰ饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮,对照组Ⅱ饲喂小麦-豆粕型饲粮,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组和试验Ⅴ组在小麦-豆粕型饲粮中分别添加1 000、1 500、2 000、2 500和3 000 mg/kg复合酶制剂。试验结果表明:1~21和22~42 d,各组间平均日采食量均差异不显著(P0.05);1~21 d,复合酶制剂的添加水平达1 500~2 500 mg/kg可显著提高肉鸡日增质量(P0.05),2 000~3 000 mg/kg添加量可显著降低肉鸡料重比(P0.05);22~42 d,1 000~3 000 mg/kg添加量可显著提高肉鸡日增质量(P0.05),1 500和2 000 mg/kg组效果最显著(P0.05),添加水平达1 500~3 000 mg/kg可显著降低肉鸡料重比(P0.05)。不同水平复合酶制剂对肉鸡屠宰性能无显著影响(P0.05)。不同水平复合酶制剂对血清生化指标有不同程度影响,对肉鸡血清钙、总胆固醇、总蛋白和尿素氮含量无显著影响(P0.05);但可提高血清磷含量,21 d时2 000~3 000 mg/kg的添加量效果显著(P0.05),42 d时2 000和2 500 mg/kg添加量效果显著(P0.05),均以2 500 mg/kg添加量血清磷水平最高;可降低血清碱性磷酸酶活性,21和42 d时,均以2 000~3 000 mg/kg的添加量效果显著(P0.05或0.01),以2 500 mg/kg添加量血清碱性磷酸酶活性最低;可提高血清三酰甘油水平,21 d时2 500 mg/kg添加量效果显著(P0.05);可提高血糖含量,21和42日龄时均以2 000~3 000 mg/kg的添加量效果显著(P0.05)。  相似文献   

8.
试验旨在研究饲粮不同硒水平对22~42日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化指标的影响,从而确定快大型黄羽肉鸡饲养中期的最适硒水平。选用22日龄健康、发育良好的快大型岭南黄羽肉公雏鸡1 200只,根据体重随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只,试验组1(对照组)为基础日粮组(硒含量0.037 mg/kg),试验组2、3、4、5饲粮则在基础日粮中分别添加0.075、0.15、0.225、0.30 mg/kg硒,试验期为21 d。结果表明:饲粮添加不同水平硒对试验鸡生长性能无显著影响(P0.05);各硒添加组血浆、红细胞和肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),饲粮添加不同水平硒对试验鸡血浆和肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著影响(P0.05)。综合考虑,22~42日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮硒适宜水平为0.337 mg/kg。  相似文献   

9.
赭曲毒素A对黄羽肉鸡生产性能的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
7日龄健康无病、体重均匀的3607,黄羽公雏鸡,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复30R.第Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础日粮(<2μg/kg赭曲霉素(OTA));第Ⅱ组(OTA组)在对照组日粮的基础上添加OTA使总浓度达2 mg/kg,不合任何霉菌毒素处理剂;第Ⅲ组(OTA MPL组)在第Ⅱ组日粮的基础上每吨饲料添加2 kg MPL(即2 000 mg/kg MPL).试验期分3个阶段(7～21日龄;22～42日龄;43～56日龄),共计49d.对黄羽肉鸡的生长性能进行了测定,结果表明:2mg/kg OTA对黄羽肉鸡的平均日增重及平均日采食量有显著的抑制作用;各组间饲料转化率差异不显著.2 000mg/kg的MPL可以明显缓解OTA对黄羽肉鸡生产性能的抑制作用.  相似文献   

10.
本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加谷氨酸钠对黄羽肉鸡生长性能及肉品风味的影响.将800只42日龄岭南黄羽肉鸡按照体重随机分为4组(每组5个重复,每个重复40只鸡),分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0、270、540、1 080 mg/kg谷氨酸钠的饲粮,饲喂至63日龄时结束试验.结果表明,饲粮中添加谷氨酸钠对黄羽肉鸡生长性能无显著影响(...  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

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