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1.
本试验旨在了解桑杏平喘颗粒的安全性,为临床用药提供数据支持。选用健康Wistar大白鼠80只,随机分成4组(1个对照组和3个试验组),每组20只,雌雄各半,对照组灌服生理盐水,试验组分别以桑杏平喘颗粒煎剂,相当于原药材3、15、30 g/kg体重灌胃给药,连续给药30 d,在给药10、20、30 d采血,测定血清中部分生化功能指标。试验结果表明,桑杏平喘颗粒对大鼠肝脏、肾脏、心脏功能的影响较小,是一种适合临床应用的低毒、安全的中药制剂。 相似文献
2.
【目的】探究马兜铃酸Ⅰ（aristolochic acid Ⅰ，AA-Ⅰ）对大鼠五脏（心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏）的毒性及功能影响，为今后马兜铃属类中药临床用药提供参考。【方法】将SD大鼠随机分为AA-Ⅰ给药组和空白对照组，给药组按20 mg/kg灌服AA-Ⅰ，连续7 d。于给药后0.25、0.5、1、2、24 h及停药后15 d，采集大鼠五脏组织。利用HPLC法检测各个时间点五脏组织中的AA-Ⅰ及马兜铃内酰胺Ⅰ（aristolactams-Ⅰ，AL-Ⅰ）含量，并检测大鼠五脏主要生理功能及病理组织学变化。【结果】给药后0.25 h，AA-Ⅰ主要分布于心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肺脏，同时在肝脏和脾脏中检测到AL-Ⅰ；给药后0.5 h，AA-Ⅰ主要分布于心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏，除心脏外，其余四脏中AA-Ⅰ含量均达到高峰值，且在肝脏、肺脏、肾脏中检测到AL-Ⅰ；给药后1 h，AA-Ⅰ主要分布于肝脏和肺脏，且在肝脏中检测到AL-Ⅰ；给药后2 h，AA-Ⅰ主要分布于心脏、肝脏、肺脏和肾脏，且在肾脏中检测到AL-Ⅰ；给药后24 h，AA-Ⅰ主要分布于心脏和肝脏，且在肝脏中检测到AL-Ⅰ；停药后15 d，五脏中均未检测到AA-Ⅰ及AL-Ⅰ。功能检测结果显示，大鼠灌服AA-Ⅰ可引起五脏发生氧化应激损伤。【结论】连续7 d给大鼠灌服20 mg/kg AA-Ⅰ，在五脏中均可检测到不同含量的AA-Ⅰ，且在肝脏、肾脏、肺脏及脾脏中检测到AL-Ⅰ。AA-Ⅰ可对五脏造成不同程度的损伤，其损伤与氧化应激有关。 相似文献
3.
射干麻黄地龙散对鸡肝肾功能及脏器剖检的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本试验旨在了解射干麻黄地龙散的安全性,为临床用药提供数据支持。选取120只21日龄三黄肉鸡,随机分为3倍剂量组、6倍剂量组、12倍剂量组和对照组,每组30只。在21和35日龄时分别按试验鸡的平均体重给予不同剂量的药物,并连续饲喂2周。在35和49日龄时,各组随机选取10只进行采血和剖检。测定肝肾功能指标,同时对剖检鸡的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏进行病理检查。结果显示,各组鸡的血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性及肌酐含量与药物剂量间无规律性变化,白蛋白含量和尿素含量与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。用药后,各组鸡的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏均无明显差异,表现正常。结果表明,射干麻黄地龙散对鸡肝肾功能的影响小,病理剖检未见对心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏产生毒性作用,是一种适合临床应用的低毒、安全的中药制剂。 相似文献
4.
《动物营养学报》2021,33(8)
本试验旨在探究耐镉乳酸菌对镉暴露仔鸡体重、脏器系数和组织中镉、钙、铁、锌、铜、锰、硒含量影响。选取1日龄如皋黄鸡30只,随机分为3组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只鸡。对照组试验鸡第3～6周灌喂1 mL/(d·只)无菌生理盐水;镉暴露组试验鸡第3～6周灌喂1 mL/(d·只)无菌生理盐水,并在第4～6周饮水中添加5 mg/L镉;镉+耐镉乳酸菌组试验鸡第3～6周灌喂1 mL/(d·只)耐镉乳酸菌液(1×109CFU/mL),并在第4～6周饮水中添加5 mg/L镉。预试期2周,正试期4周。结果表明:1)各组之间仔鸡体重无显著差异(P0.05)。2)镉暴露组和镉+耐镉乳酸菌组心脏系数显著低于对照组(P0.05),且镉暴露组和镉+耐镉乳酸菌组之间心脏系数无显著差异(P0.05)。3)镉暴露组的各组织中镉含量显均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且各组织中镉含量的高低依次为肾脏肝脏脾脏肺脏心脏胸肌。镉+耐镉乳酸菌组的脾脏中镉含量显著低于镉暴露组(P0.05)。4)镉+耐镉乳酸菌组肝脏中硒含量显著低于对照组和镉暴露组(P0.05)。镉+耐镉乳酸菌组和镉暴露组肾脏中硒含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。镉暴露组肺脏中钙含量显著高于对照组和镉+耐镉乳酸菌组(P0.05),镉+耐镉乳酸菌组和镉暴露组肺脏中锌含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),镉+耐镉乳酸菌组肺脏中铜含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),镉暴露组肺脏中锰含量显著高于对照组和镉+耐镉乳酸菌组(P0.05)。镉+耐镉乳酸菌组脾脏中钙和铜含量显著低于对照组和镉暴露组(P0.05)。镉暴露组心脏中钙含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),镉+耐镉乳酸菌组和镉暴露组心脏中硒含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,仔鸡镉暴露时,心脏系数降低,肝脏、肾脏、肺脏、脾脏、心脏和胸肌中镉含量增加,肾脏中硒含量和心脏中钙含量降低;添加耐镉乳酸菌对镉暴露仔鸡心脏系数的降低无改善作用,但降低了脾脏和肝脏中镉含量,并增加了心脏中硒和钙含量。 相似文献
5.
《中国兽医学报》2017,(9):1753-1755
将30只1日龄SPF鸡随机分为2组,其中攻毒组20只,对照组10只。攻毒组按每只0.2mL腹腔注射禽腺病毒4型(FAV-4)病毒液,对照组不做处理,隔离饲养,临床观察2周。攻毒后第3天攻毒组开始出现死亡,将死亡鸡解剖观察各器官大体病变,经聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测为FAV-4后,采集心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、肺脏制作石蜡切片,观察病理组织学变化。结果显示,攻毒组死亡鸡只无明显临床症状而突然倒地死亡;主要剖检病变为心包积液、肝脏肿大,个别可出现脾脏肿大、肺脏淤血、肾脏肿大;病理组织学变化为肝脏、肺脏、肾脏淤血,细胞变性坏死;而对照组无任何异常症状和病理组织学变化。 相似文献
6.
柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染后组织抗氧化功能的动态变化 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
选择 8 0只 33日龄健康罗曼公鸡 ,随机分成感染组 (n=40 )和对照组 (n=40 )。感染组口服接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊 1.5× 10 5个 /只 ,对照组不感染。分别于感染前 (0 d)和感染后 (2、4、6、8d)扑杀 ,采集心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏 ,测定组织中丙二醛 (MDA)及过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH- Px)的活性。结果表明 ,柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染后 ,心脏和脾脏 MDA含量与对照组相比差异不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,肝脏、肺脏、肾脏中 MDA含量呈波动变化 ;与对照组相比 ,除肾脏 SOD差异不显著外 ,其他 4种组织 SOD在感染后 2、4、6、8d均显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) ;在整个试验期间 ,心脏、脾脏中 GSH- Px与对照组相比差异不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,肝脏在感染后 6、8d显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) ,肺脏、肾脏 GSH- Px仅在感染后 2 d与对照组相比差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;肝脏和脾脏 CAT与对照组相比差异不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,心脏 CAT只在感染后 8d差异显著(P<0 .0 5 ) ,肺脏 CAT只在感染后 4d差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,肾脏 CAT只在感染后 2 d差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。提示感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫后 ,机体的抗氧化功能发生了一定的变化 ,自由基参与了球虫病的发病过程 相似文献
7.
为验证比格犬源芽孢杆菌的安全性,以小鼠为试验动物,研究该菌对小鼠体重和组织脏器的影响。将40只30日龄SPF级小白鼠(雌雄各20只)随机分为4组,每组10只。对照组饲喂普通日粮;试验组在饲喂普通日粮的基础上,每只灌服0.2 m L比格犬源芽孢杆菌菌液(109 cfu/m L);每隔2 d测定体重;18 d后,将小鼠脱臼处死,取脾脏、肾脏称重;将肝脏、十二指肠、空肠和回肠用福尔马林固定,做组织切片试验。结果显示:试验组与对照组小鼠的体重差异不显著(P0.05);试验组小鼠肾脏重量有增加,肾脏指数与对照组相比,有显著性差异(P0.05);试验组公鼠脾脏重量增加明显,与对照组相比,差异极显著(P0.01);试验组小鼠肠绒毛较发达,肝小叶结构清晰,肝窦和门管区明显可见。试验证明,比格犬源芽孢杆菌对小鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠和肝脏的正常结构未造成危害,说明比格犬源芽孢杆菌是安全可用的,且对组织脏器有一定的促生长作用。 相似文献
8.
本试验主要探讨金属元素钼(Mo)对F1代雌性小鼠雌激素的影响。试验选择健康昆明系ICR F1雌性小白鼠20只,体重30~40 g,适应5 d后,随机分为4组。基础日粮相同,试验组分别在其饮水中加入100、200和400 mg/L钼酸钠,对照组给予正常饮水。喂养7周后,测量其体重并记录。采用眼球摘除采血法采集血液制备血清,测定小鼠的肝脏、肾脏、脾脏,计算肝脏、肾脏、脾脏的脏器指数。采用发光免疫技术测定小鼠血清雌二醇水平。 相似文献
9.
为了探讨牦牛胎盘肽的抗氧化作用,试验将20只小鼠随机分为药物组和对照组,连续15 d分别注射牦牛胎盘肽和生理盐水,0.2 m L/d,然后处死小鼠,取其心肌、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏,制成组织匀浆,测定各组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明:药物组心肌和肝脏SOD活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);药物组心肌、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏GSH-Px活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);药物组心肌、肝脏和脾脏MDA含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。说明牦牛胎盘肽具有一定抗氧化能力。 相似文献
10.
11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
13.
Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
14.
Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
15.
Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
16.
B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
17.
Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
18.
Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献