首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 875 毫秒
1.
大豆制品中氨基酸的生物利用率完整蛋白质中的氨基酸首先必须被消化 ,然后才能被猪利用。猪对大豆蛋白质中的氨基酸有较高的消化率。表 1显示了在小肠末端 (即回肠末端 )测得的常规豆粕、去皮豆粕、加热大豆和二种大豆制品中蛋白质表观消化率系数和真消化率系数。真消化率系数已就内源氨基酸排泄量 (脱落的肠细胞、肠道中的酶以及其它非日粮来源的氨基酸 )作了校正 ,真消化率系数略高于表观消化率系数。　表 1　猪对豆粕中氨基酸的消化率氨基酸豆粕去皮豆粕加热大豆浓缩大豆蛋白离析大豆蛋白回肠表观消化率系数 (% )精氨酸 9190 8997 91组氨…  相似文献   

2.
中国不同品种菜粕猪回肠氨基酸消化率研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
试验选用 9头 34.5± 2 .1kg的阉公猪 ,在回肠末端安装T型瘘管后按 9× 6不完全拉丁方设计分别饲喂 7种菜粕半纯合日粮、1种豆粕半纯合日粮和 1种酪蛋白日粮 ,以研究中国不同品种菜粕和豆粕回肠氨基酸表观 (真 )消化率。结果表明 ,7种菜粕粗蛋白质和氨基酸 (半胱氨酸除外 )回肠表观 (真 )消化率均显著低于豆粕 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;7种菜粕粗蛋白质和氨基酸回肠表观 (真 )消化率之间存在显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,这些变异主要是由菜粕中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维水平及相应氨基酸含量不同引起的 ;可利用粗蛋白质回肠表观消化率估测多数氨基酸回肠消化率  相似文献   

3.
本试验旨在研究饲粮类型和磷水平对生长猪后肠磷消化率和可消化磷含量的影响。选用32头平均体重为(34.1±1.2)kg安装了简单T型瘘管的生长公猪,采用2×2因子完全随机区组设计分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头猪。以玉米-豆粕型和小麦-豆粕型饲粮作为基础饲粮,通过添加磷酸氢钙提高饲粮总磷水平,研究其对生长猪后肠磷消化率的影响。结果表明:小麦-豆粕型饲粮组的回肠食糜磷排泄量和粪磷排泄量显著低于玉米-豆粕型饲粮组(P0.01),从而增加了回肠可消化磷和全肠道可消化磷含量以及磷的表观回肠消化率和全肠道消化率(P0.01)。通过添加磷酸氢钙增加饲粮磷含量,可显著提高采食玉米-豆粕型和小麦-豆粕型饲粮生长猪的总磷摄入量、回肠食糜磷排泄量、回肠可消化磷和全肠道可消化磷含量以及磷的表观回肠消化率和全肠道消化率(P0.01)。后肠可消化磷和磷的表观后肠消化率不受饲粮类型和磷水平的影响(P0.05)。玉米-豆粕型饲粮低磷组、玉米-豆粕型饲粮高磷组、小麦-豆粕型饲粮低磷组和小麦-豆粕型饲粮高磷组磷的表观全肠道消化率比磷的表观回肠消化率分别高9.69%、6.79%、9.36%和10.53%(P0.05)。由此可见,生长猪后肠存在磷的消化吸收,但其消化吸收能力有限,且不受饲粮类型和磷水平的影响。  相似文献   

4.
生长猪高蛋白豆粕氨基酸回肠可消化率的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选用10头健康回肠末端安装简单T型瘘管的杂交(杜×长×大),阉公猪体重(37.8±0.7)kg,采用有重复5×5拉丁方设计,比较4种不同豆粕产品(去皮与带皮高蛋白豆粕,去皮与带皮常规豆粕)在生长猪的氨基酸回肠表观和真消化率。结果表明:豆粕加工类型显著地影响豆粕中氨基酸回肠表观和真消化率,除精氨酸外,去皮豆粕氨基酸回肠表观消化率显著高于带皮豆粕(P<0.05);去皮豆粕必需氨基酸中的组氨酸、亮氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸均显著高于带皮豆粕(P<0.05)。与常规豆粕相比,高蛋白豆粕中苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸的回肠表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),这预示着高蛋白豆粕是生长猪的优良蛋白质和氨基酸来源。  相似文献   

5.
为研究4种不同来源的菜籽粕(高蛋白质,高温处理,低温处理和传统菜籽粕)添加到生长猪豆粕型日粮中对消化能、代谢能和粗蛋白质、氨基酸表观和标准回肠消化率的影响,试验选用148头阉割生长猪(初始体重:39.7±1.58 kg),采用完全随机区组设计分配到代谢笼中,24头猪为一组,每组8个重复。试验日粮包含玉米基础日粮和5种试验日粮,混合玉米和4种菜籽粕的一种(添加水平为39%)或豆粕(添加水平为28.5%)。在5 d的预饲期后,连续收集粪尿5 d。每种菜籽粕和豆粕的消化能、代谢能的计算采用不同的程序。4种不同来源菜籽粕的消化能和代谢能显著低于玉米和豆粕(P0.05)(消化能:2854、2680、2892、2883 kcal/kg vs 3324和3784 kcal/kg;代谢能:2540、2251、2681、2637 vs 3213和3253 kcal/kg)。4种来源菜籽粕间的消化能和代谢能无显著差异。在试验2,12头在回肠末端按有T型瘘管阉割生长猪(初始体重:34±1.41 kg)采用6×6拉丁方设计,每个拉丁方6种试验日粮,6个阶段。5种试验日粮包含35%豆粕或45%4种菜籽粕的1种,氨基酸是平衡的和使用无氮基础日粮。每个阶段持续7d,在每个阶段第6 d和第7 d收集回肠内容物。豆粕粗蛋白质和氨基酸的表观和标准回肠消化率显著高于4种来源的菜籽粕(P0.05)。与传统菜籽粕相比,高温工艺处理菜籽粕异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、天门冬氨酸、胱氨酸和脯氨酸的表观回肠消化率,赖氨酸和胱氨酸的标准回肠消化率均显著提高(P0.05)。没有观察到高温处理和低温处理菜籽粕氨基酸消化率的不同。总之,无论菜籽粕加工工艺和粗蛋白质水平,与玉米和豆粕相比,菜籽粕具有较低的消化能和代谢能,菜籽粕氨基酸标准回肠消化率也低于豆粕。在本试验中,加工温度不影响菜籽粕的代谢能、消化能或氨基酸的标准回肠消化率。高温处理菜籽粕的赖氨酸和胱氨酸的标准回肠消化率要高于传统工艺生产的菜籽粕。  相似文献   

6.
用50 kg左右的DLY生长猪196头,分4个处理(标准豆粕日粮、标准8%杂粕日粮及其相应低蛋白日粮),各处理日粮按NRC1998标准配制,可消化赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋+胱氨酸、色氨酸和异亮氨酸达到理想蛋白氨基酸比例和水平,研究低蛋白和杂粕日粮对猪生产性能、养分消化、血液指标和猪舍氨气的影响。结果表明,150~80 kg阶段标准豆粕和8%杂粕日粮粗蛋白质降低3个百分点,对猪的生产性能没有显著影响(P0.05);2蛋白质降低3个百分点显著降低日粮蛋白质表观消化率(P0.05);豆粕日粮赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸等必需氨基酸表观消化率没有降低,杂粕日粮所有氨基酸表观消化率都显著降低(P0.05);对纤维、脂肪、灰分、钙和磷表观消化率也有不同程度影响;3低蛋白质日粮显著降低猪血浆尿素氮水平(P0.05);4低蛋白日粮能显著降低猪舍有害气体氨气浓度(P0.05)。  相似文献   

7.
研究旨在研究比较白羽肉鸡和黄羽肉鸡对豆粕中14种氨基酸表观回肠消化率(AID)的异同。选用35日龄AA肉仔鸡、岭南黄和广西黄肉鸡各72只,随机分为6个处理,第1组:AA鸡饲喂基础日粮,第2组:AA鸡饲喂70%基础日粮+30%豆粕,第3组:岭南黄鸡饲喂基础日粮,第4组:岭南黄鸡饲喂70%基础日粮+30%豆粕,第5组:广西黄鸡饲喂基础日粮,第6组:广西黄鸡饲喂70%基础日粮+30%豆粕。每个处理6个重复,每个重复6只鸡。基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型日粮。采用TiO_2作外源指示剂,运用联立方程组法测定豆粕氨基酸表观回肠消化率。结果表明:AA鸡和岭南黄鸡对豆粕的表观回肠氨基酸消化率差异不显著(P0.05);而广西黄鸡对豆粕的赖氨酸表观回肠消化率显著高于AA鸡(P0.05),而与岭南黄鸡差异不显著(P0.05);广西黄鸡对豆粕的苏氨酸、亮氨酸、甘氨酸和谷氨酸的表观回肠消化率显著高于AA鸡和岭南黄鸡(P0.05);广西黄鸡对豆粕丙氨酸表观回肠消化率显著低于AA鸡和岭南黄鸡(P0.05)。综上所述,慢速型黄羽肉鸡和AA肉鸡在豆粕表观回肠消化率上有差异,而快速型黄羽肉鸡在豆粕的表观回肠消化率上没有差异。  相似文献   

8.
本研究旨在评定复合酵母对仔猪的营养价值,重点评定复合酵母在仔猪上表观消化能、表观代谢能、粗蛋白质的真消化率、粗蛋白质的真利用率和氨基酸的回肠消化率。通过化学分析和仔猪消化代谢试验测定复合酵母的营养成分和主要养分的生物利用率。饲养试验采用单因子设计,选用体重(19.9±1.2)kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交仔猪12头进行消化代谢试验,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。各组分别饲喂无氮饲粮和以复合酵母作为唯一蛋白质源的半纯合饲粮。试验期7 d,预试期3 d,正试期4 d。结果表明:复合酵母粗蛋白质含量高达47.35%,赖氨酸含量为3.43%,蛋氨酸含量为0.72%,赖氨酸∶蛋氨酸∶色氨酸∶苏氨酸=100∶21∶19∶64,与猪的理想蛋白质氨基酸模式接近;复合酵母的表观消化能为14.98 MJ/kg,表观代谢能为14.05 MJ/kg;粗蛋白质的真消化率、真利用率分别为89.71%和69.53%;除了苏氨酸,其他必需氨基酸的回肠真消化率都高于80%。由此可见,复合酵母属于优质蛋白质饲料,蛋白质含量高,氨基酸平衡性好,有效能值高,仔猪对复合酵母的蛋白质、氨基酸的消化利用效果理想。  相似文献   

9.
研究旨在评定猪对脱酚棉籽消化能和粗蛋白表观消化率,并比较脱酚棉籽蛋白(DCP)与豆粕(SBM)之间差异。选用体重(36.2±1.6)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪6头,采用套算法、双3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验日粮分别为脱酚棉籽蛋白日粮、豆粕日粮和基础日粮,每个拉丁方阶段包括5 d预饲期、5 d正式期,整个试验共30 d。结果表明,脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕消化能含量分别为12.41 MJ/kg、13.62 MJ/kg。脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕中粗蛋白表观消率化分别为73.35%、82.05%,表观可消化粗蛋白含量分别为37.92%、35.45%。脱酚棉籽蛋白是新型蛋白质原料,其消化能含量为豆粕的91.11%,粗蛋白表观消率化为豆粕的89.39%,可消化粗蛋白含量为豆粕的106.99%。脱酚棉籽蛋白在猪饲料中的应用具有广阔的前景。  相似文献   

10.
试验选用体重(15.6±1.98)kg杜长大仔猪12头,在测定血球蛋白粉常规养分和氨基酸含量基础上进行消化代谢试验。采用单因子试验设计,用无氮日粮和血球蛋白粉半纯合日粮法测定血球蛋白粉中粗蛋白质和能量的消化利用率及猪回肠末端氨基酸的表观消化率。结果表明:血球蛋白粉含粗蛋白质91.87%,总能20.96MJ/kg,总氨基酸71.85%,其中主要限制性氨基酸:赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和异亮氨酸含量分别为6.32%、0.91%、2.30%、0.36%。粗蛋白质表观和真消化率分别为92.69%和94.34%,总氨基酸回肠表观消化率80.83%,消化能19.28MJ/kg,代谢能19.03MJ/kg。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

15.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号