共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
中国驯鹿鼻、咽、喉的解剖学观察 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用大体解剖学的方法对驯鹿上呼吸的形态结构进行了观察，结果如下：驯鹿鼻部较长，鼻翼内有内、外鼻翼软骨。固有鼻腔发达，每侧鼻腔内含一大的下鼻甲和一小的上鼻甲。鼻泪管开口于鼻前庭腹外侧壁。咽部的软腭长而厚，鼻咽癌的后壁上形成咽隐窝，内含一杯状粘膜褶。喉前庭深陷，会厌大而弹性较弱，喉室平坦，不形成喉小囊，但具有喉中室，位于喉前庭底壁上，环状软骨板宽。 相似文献
2.
<正> 二、呼吸系统 水貂呼吸系统(表1)包括呼吸道(鼻腔、咽、喉、气管、支气管)和机能器官(肺)。 (一)鼻腔(cavum nasi):鼻腔(图1)位于头骨的面颅内,仅起始部具含有软骨支架的外鼻突出于面部。鼻腔是呼吸道的起始部,由面骨(鼻骨、额骨、颌前骨、上颌骨、腭骨、鼻甲骨及鼻翼软骨)构成骨质支架,内面衬有粘膜。前经鼻孔与外界相通,后经鼻后孔与咽相通。鼻腔正中有鼻中隔软骨,将鼻腔分为左、右两部分。鼻中隔长:♂1.71cm,♀1.66cm;宽:♂0.84cm,♀0.80cm。鼻道长:♂4.65cm,♀4.02cm。鼻腔包括鼻孔、鼻前庭和固有鼻腔三部分,每侧鼻腔内有复以粘膜的筛鼻甲、背鼻腔、腹鼻甲骨。 相似文献
3.
4.
驯鹿狂蝇幼虫病的流行病学调查 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
2003年3月至2004年10月，在内蒙古自治区根河市敖鲁古雅鄂温克民族乡分别对829只和543只驯鹿进行了鹿狂蝇幼虫病的流行病学调查。该病的病原为双翅目、狂蝇科、鹿蝇属鹿狂蝇（Cephenemyia trompe）的各期幼虫。其成蝇一般出现在6月初，7～8月为侵袭高峰，9月末消失。当地驯鹿在这2年内鹿狂蝇幼虫的平均感染率为91．03％，平均感染强度为15．98条／只，最高的达91条／只。鹿狂蝇幼虫主要寄生于驯鹿的鼻腔、鼻甲及咽喉等部位，并引起相应部位的炎症。鹿狂蝇幼虫病的流行除与当地的地理环境、自然条件及宿主因素密切相关外，还与敖鲁古雅乡鄂温克猎民的生活方式及经济状况有关。 相似文献
5.
驯鹿狂蝇蛆病是驯鹿狂蝇的各期（Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期）幼虫寄生于驯鹿鼻腔、咽喉等部位所引起的一种驯鹿疾病,该病在驯鹿群中流行严重,感染率在95％左右,对驯鹿的危害较大。试验对驯鹿狂蝇蛆Ⅲ期幼虫羽化的发育起点温度及有效积温进行了研究,现将结果报道如下。 相似文献
6.
驯鹿是我国二类保护动物 ,目前仅存1 0 0 0余头 ,主产于内蒙古根河市敖鲁雅鄂温克猎民乡 ,饲养方式处于以游牧为主的半野生状态。1 症状 驯鹿寄生虫病与其它家畜寄生虫病一样 ,为多种类混合感染 ,一般表现为慢性经过。危害最为严重的是消化道线虫和驯鹿蝇 ,它们除掠夺动物体内营养外还分泌毒素。驯鹿蝇寄生于鼻腔 ,致使驯鹿鼻塞、流涕、打喷嚏 ,直到翌年春季全部排出为止 ,严重影响鹿的采食和休息 ,常导致驯鹿营养不良 ,呈恶病质状态 ,发育受阻 ,产茸锐减或无茸 ,耐力、体力下降。2 感染途径 ①驯鹿以采食苔藓为主 ,生活在低洼丛林之中 … 相似文献
7.
1咀嚼和吞咽的过程
食物经咀嚼而形成的食团由口腔运送入胃的动作或整个过程。吞咽是一种反射,需要有特定的刺激才能引起。牛正常进食时,吞咽是由于舌的翻卷把食团推送入咽部,咽与口腔、鼻腔、喉腔、食道相通,应关闭咽与鼻腔、喉腔的通道,食物才能经咽入食道。吞咽时食团刺激了咽部感受器,反射性地使软腭上升,咽后壁向前突出,从而封闭了鼻咽通道,不便食物进入鼻腔。 相似文献
8.
9.
10.
分泌IgA和IgG的浆细胞是黏膜免疫系统中两种重要的效应细胞。本研究旨在探究分泌IgA和IgG的浆细胞在家兔鼻腔中的分布特征。以20只健康成年家兔为研究对象，根据硬腭褶皱和牙齿特征，依次将家兔鼻腔分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ 5段，运用组织学、免疫组织化学、图像分析及统计学方法，对分泌IgA和IgG的浆细胞在家兔鼻腔中的分布特征进行了详细的研究。免疫组化结果显示：分泌IgA和IgG的浆细胞在家兔鼻腔每段都有分布，主要弥散分布于鼻黏膜固有层中；其形态呈圆形或卵圆形，核一般位于细胞一侧，胞质丰富呈阳性反应。统计结果显示：分泌IgA和IgG的浆细胞在鼻腔不同段的分布密度由高到低依次是：鼻腔第Ⅳ段、第Ⅴ段、第Ⅲ段、第Ⅱ段、第Ⅰ段。其中分泌IgA的浆细胞在鼻腔Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ段的分布密度显著高于鼻腔Ⅰ、Ⅱ段（P<0.05），在上颌鼻甲、鼻中隔和筛鼻甲的分布密度显著高于上鼻甲（P<0.05）；与分泌IgA的浆细胞相比，分泌IgG的浆细胞除鼻腔第Ⅳ段的分布密度显著高于鼻腔Ⅲ、Ⅴ段（P<0.05）外，其分布变化趋势基本与分泌IgA的浆细胞类似。结果证明，分泌IgA和IgG的浆细胞弥散分布于家兔每段鼻腔的鼻黏膜固有层中，有利于SIgA和IgG分子在整个鼻黏膜形成完整的保护屏障；分泌IgA和IgG的浆细胞主要分布在家兔鼻腔Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ段及上颌鼻甲、筛鼻甲和鼻中隔，提示这些区域是家兔鼻腔免疫的重要效应部位。本研究为家兔呼吸系统疾病的预防及进一步探讨家兔鼻腔免疫应答的机制提供重要的理论依据。 相似文献
11.
12.
魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
13.
14.
本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
15.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
16.
17.
18.
Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
19.
20.
以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献