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1外貌评定概述外貌即外形,指体型、体质、被毛、皮肤、肢蹄等肉眼能够观察到的外部特征与特性。猪是一个有机统一体,它的外部与内部、形态和机能有着极其密切关系,从猪的外部特征可透视猪的内部机能。猪的外形不仅反映其外表,而且也反映了猪的体质、机能、生产性能和健康状态。外貌评定,我国古代称之为“相”。公元前一千多年,先人已能根据猪的外形特征进行选种。相传殷商时代的韦豕是我国最早的相猪专家,他能根据猪在家养条件下发生的变异,从外形特征上选择符合要求的后代供繁殖用。经过历代相传,猪的外形鉴定得以不断丰富。集中反映猪选种… 相似文献
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在相同的遗传基础上来说,鸡的外貌特征是体内新陈代谢的外部表现,新陈代谢的差异必然影响鸡的生产性能。因此,鸡的外貌与生产性能密切相关,同时,较好的外形结构也是高产结构的基础。1.产蛋鸡与停产鸡的外形区别鸡在产蛋期间,因其性腺活动和代谢机能亢进,血液循环、卵巢、输卵管和消化器官机能都很旺盛,鸡体内新陈代谢的这些差 相似文献
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选种应当根据生产性能记录资料。一般生产场如因条件所限,只根据母鸡的外貌特征和生理特性来选种,也可取得一定效果,达种选种方法称为表型选择。下面介绍具体做法。1.根据母鸡的体躯结构和外貌特征选种母鸡的体躯结构及某些外貌特征能在一定程度上反映鸡的体质是否健康和产蛋量高 相似文献
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<正> 牛的外貌是以牛体的组织、器官为基础的外部表现。从外貌上能了解到某些组织,器官的结构及其功能状态。在育种工作中根据牛体外貌能确定牛的品种特征,鉴别牛的生产性能、健康、发育及对当地自然条件的适应程度。所以奶牛的外貌鉴定也是改良其经济性状的重要根据之一。外貌好,不仅是牛的皮肤柔软,被毛有光泽,有一定的膘度,最主要是与牛的经济 相似文献
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驴的外貌特征与内部器官,形态与机能,局部与整体都具有密切的相关,并对其生产用途和环境条件表现出一定的适应性。因此,在生产实践中通过对肉驴的体尺、外貌、体重、年龄、长相、走相、毛色、双亲和后代等方面综合考核、鉴定、选择,就能选择出优质的肉驴。实现规模化高效生产的目的,提高生产效益和社会效益。1看长相品质优良的肉用驴应突出产肉多、体型大,后驱肌肉发达的特点。 相似文献
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利用标记来选育动物具有悠久的历史，我国民间早就有根据外形外貌标记选择优良种畜的实践，并取得了一定的效果。如在蛋鸭选育中，民间可以根据鸭的颈、腹部外形和行走姿势来进行选育，但是由于环境、营养等许多外界因素影响动物的外表，因此，外部形态与动物生产性能之间的相关性很低。动物的生产性能是由基因、环境(包括营养)以及基因与环境的相互作用共同决定的，而这种相互作用不具体地反映在体内的神经内分泌系统对机体代谢、生长和繁殖功能的调控等诸方面。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献