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在集约化生产条件下,为追求高生产性能,常以高精料的营养策略饲喂高产奶牛和高强度育肥肉牛、肉羊。长期饲喂高精料或突然采食大量含易发酵碳水化合物饲粮时,动物易出现瘤胃代谢紊乱,诱发代谢性瘤胃酸中毒及腹泻等多种代谢性疾病。如何在高精料饲粮条件下保持瘤胃健康是进行营养调控的关键。酵母培养物作为微生态制剂的一种,已在反刍动物养殖中得到了广泛应用和研究,在维持瘤胃健康、提高动物生产性能和免疫功能等方面具有明显的作用。本文总结了酵母培养物的作用机制及其在高精料饲粮条件下的应用效果,并阐述了酵母培养物在反刍动物饲粮中适宜的添加量,为酵母培养物在反刍动物饲粮中合理利用提供参考和理论依据。 相似文献
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现代规模化、集约化奶牛养殖生产模式下,不断供给高营养水平日粮是维持后备牛快速生长发育和泌乳母牛高泌乳性能的物质基础。然而,在遗传品质到达"瓶颈期"后,尽管随着日粮营养浓度的不断提高和干物质采食量（DMI）的增加,奶牛单产水平可以继续维持在一定的高水平状态,但是高产奶牛的营养代谢性疾病的发病率也呈现快速增长趋势,特别是围产期能量负平衡（negative energy balance,NEB）引起的酮病,高精日粮引发的酸中毒、高蛋白质日粮引起的血液中尿素氮升高等营养代谢性疾病,负调控奶牛繁殖性能,造成奶牛产后发情不明显,配种率和受胎率下降等,直接影响奶牛生产群的更新速度、优质牛群泌乳性能正常发挥以及奶牛养殖的经济效益。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同营养代谢性疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了酮病、低血钙、瘤胃酸中毒等围产期高发的营养代谢性疾病影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对营养代谢性疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国规模化牧场高产奶牛群繁殖效率和母牛围产期营养管理水平提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。 相似文献
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本试验旨在探究海带粉作为饲料原料对饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛瘤胃发酵参数及菌群结构的影响。试验选用体重为(605±36)kg的健康泌乳中后期荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5头。采用随机试验设计,3组奶牛分别饲喂45%低精料饲粮、55%高精料饲粮和55%高精料+5%海带粉饲粮。试验期为35d,于试验末对晨饲前奶牛经口腔采集瘤胃液,测定其pH,氨态氮、微生物蛋白、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和菌群结构。结果显示:1)相比55%高精料饲粮,在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,瘤胃中pH显著升高(P<0.05),氨态氮和微生物蛋白的浓度显著降低(P<0.05),总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度以及挥发性脂肪酸中丁酸、异丁酸和异戊酸的比例显著增加(P<0.05)。2)在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉降低了样本独有的操作分类单元(OUT)数量,但对瘤胃细菌α多样性的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在门水平上,与44%低精料饲粮相比,55%高精料饲粮显著增加了瘤胃中放线菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了瘤胃中SR1_Absconditabacteria的相对丰度(P<0.05);而在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,瘤胃中拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),瘤胃中厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05),同时进一步显著增加了瘤胃中放线菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05)。在属水平上,相对于45%低精料饲粮,55%高精料饲粮显著增加了瘤胃中瘤胃球菌属2(Ruminococcus_2)和毛螺菌科NK3A20类群(Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group)的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了瘤胃中普雷沃氏菌属1(Prevotella_1)和普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003(Prevotellaceae_UCG-003)的相对丰度(P<0.05);在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,进一步显著降低了瘤胃中Prevotella_1的相对丰度(P<0.05),并显著增加了瘤胃中Ruminococcus_2的相对丰度(P<0.05)。综上可见,在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%的海带粉可以改善饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛的瘤胃发酵环境,调整瘤胃菌群结构,对瘤胃细菌多样性的影响较小。 相似文献
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马莉花马贵马学虎马燕芬 《饲料研究》2023,(9):163-167
围产期奶牛经历妊娠、分娩、泌乳以及高精料饲喂等一系列代谢应激及外部环境的变化,极易诱发奶牛机体产生氧化应激,进而导致抗氧化功能下降及免疫功能失调,诱发奶牛产生代谢病和炎性疾病。因此,缓解奶牛机体的氧化应激是实现奶牛高生产力的有效方式。茶多酚作为一种绿色无公害的天然抗氧化剂,将其合理地添加到奶牛的日粮中,能够提高奶牛机体的抗氧化性,有效缓解因氧化应激出现的炎性反应、免疫功能失调等问题。文章围绕由氧化应激引起的围产期奶牛代谢病和炎性疾病的发病机制以及茶多酚的调控作用进行综述,旨在为后续在奶牛生产中应用茶多酚提供思路。 相似文献
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《畜牧与兽医》2016,(5):55-60
研究高精料日粮条件下奶牛肝脏氨基酸代谢分配的规律。选择6头泌乳期中国荷斯坦奶牛(550±20)kg作为试验动物,采用交叉试验设计,试验动物随机分成两组并提供不同精料水平的饲粮,分别手术安装瘤胃瘘管和门静脉、肝静脉、股动脉慢性血管瘘用于收集试验样本。在采样期,分别在采食前(0 h)以及采食后2、4、6、8 h采集门静脉、肝静脉、股动脉的血液用于血浆中氨基酸的浓度测定。结果表明:高精料日粮显著增加门静脉血浆中蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸和组氨酸等必需氨基酸(EAA)以及丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、天冬氨酸和精氨酸等非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的浓度(P0.05),提高门静脉血浆中支链氨基酸(BCAA),总必需氨基酸(TEAA),总非必需氨基酸(TNEAA)以及总氨基酸(TAA)的浓度(P0.05)。除了亮氨酸和苏氨酸,高精料日粮组肝静脉血浆中其他EAA的浓度显著高于低精料日粮组(P0.05)。高精料日粮显著肝静脉血浆中酪氨酸和天冬氨酸和BCAA、TEAA以及TAA浓度(P0.05),以及趋向增加苏氨酸、精氨酸浓度(P=0.08)。相比于低精料日粮,高精料日粮均显著增加股动脉血浆中除亮氨酸外其他EAA浓度(P0.05);对于非必需氨基酸(NEAA)而言,高精料日粮组股动脉血浆中酪氨酸、天冬氨酸和精氨酸浓度显著高于LC组(P0.05)。高精料日粮显著提高股动脉血浆中BCAA、TEAA和TAA浓度(P0.05),但对TNEAA浓度没有显著影响(P0.05)。 相似文献
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乳酸在奶牛体内的代谢途径及其对奶牛健康影响的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
乳酸（lactic acid）是奶牛瘤胃内重要的中间代谢产物，合理的调节乳酸代谢特征、充分利用及发挥乳酸的有益功能对奶牛健康生产具有重要意义。文章介绍了乳酸的合成途径及主要产酸菌、乳酸的代谢途径及主要利用菌、乳酸在奶牛瘤胃内的代谢方式及影响其代谢的因素，详细阐述了乳酸产生菌与利用菌对乳酸代谢调节的影响，同时介绍了植物提取物对乳酸代谢调节作用及乳酸代谢调节对奶牛胃肠道菌群、泌乳性能和乳房炎的影响。为进一步了解乳酸对奶牛健康的作用机制及相关植物活性物质在生产实践中的应用提供理论依据，为解决高精料饲粮引起的奶牛酸中毒的预防与治疗提供新思路。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献