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《中国兽医杂志》2019,(6)
为了探讨头孢洛宁乳房注入剂对干乳期乳腺炎的防治作用,本研究采用微量稀释法测定比较了头孢洛宁、头孢匹林、阿莫西林和氯唑西林对乳腺炎病原菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、乳房链球菌、停乳链球菌、无乳链球菌)的体外抗菌活性;并且,随机选择60头进入干乳期的临床健康奶牛,在最后一次挤奶后每头牛的每个乳区分别灌注一管受试药物或对照药物(氨苄西林-苄星氯唑西林乳房注入剂)。对入选的每头奶牛分别在干奶前、以及产后1、3、5 d,采集每个乳区的乳样进行体细胞计数和细菌学检查。在药物处理后至产后14 d内,每天对受试动物进行临床型乳腺炎检查。结果显示,头孢洛宁、头孢匹林、阿莫西林、氯唑西林对分离自奶牛乳腺炎的大肠杆菌MIC_(50)分别为4、8、8μg/mL128μg/mL;对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC_(50)分别为0.125、0.25、2、1μg/mL;对乳房链球菌的MIC_(50)分别为4、8、16、128μg/mL;对停乳链球菌的MIC_(50)分别为8、8、8、128μg/mL;对无乳链球菌MIC_(50)分别为0.25、4、0.25、32μg/mL。临床药学研究显示,头孢洛宁乳房注入剂对干乳期奶牛乳腺炎具有良好的防治效果,对不同细菌感染治愈率介于66.6%～100%之间,新感染发生率低于8.3%。在治愈率、新感染率及细菌学清除率方面和对照药物(氨苄西林-苄星氯唑西林乳房注入剂)相比均无显著性差异。表明头孢洛宁对引起奶牛乳腺炎的主要病原菌均具有良好的抗菌活性,干乳期奶牛每乳区灌注一管250 mg的头孢洛宁干乳期乳房注入剂能有效治疗干乳期隐性乳腺炎和预防新的乳腺炎感染。 相似文献
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[目的]对新疆维吾尔自治区奶牛隐性乳腺炎常见致病菌进行分离、鉴定,评价头孢洛宁和利福昔明对临床分离菌株的体外抗菌效果。[方法]采用兰州隐性乳腺炎诊断液对新疆维吾尔自治区昌吉回族自治州某奶牛养殖场的干乳期奶牛进行诊断;利用平板划线法及细菌16S rDNA序列分析法对采集的74份乳样进行细菌分离及种属鉴定;应用微量肉汤稀释法测定头孢洛宁和利福昔明对致病菌临床分离株的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）以及最低杀菌浓度（MBC）。[结果]从74份乳样中共分离、鉴定致病菌9种、103株,其中,金黄色葡萄球菌35株,占总菌株数量的33.98%;大肠杆菌24株,占总菌株数量的23.30%;产色葡萄球菌15株,占总菌株数量的14.56%;模仿葡萄球菌（10株）、表皮葡萄球菌（6株）、屎肠球菌（5株）、溶血性葡萄球菌（4株）、地衣芽孢杆菌（3株）和腐生葡萄球菌（1株）的数量分别占总菌株数量的9.70%、5.83%、4.85%、3.88%、2.91%、0.97%。体外抗菌试验结果显示,头孢洛宁对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、产色葡萄球菌、溶血性葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、模仿葡萄球菌和地衣芽孢杆菌的M... 相似文献
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头孢喹肟在猪呼吸道感染中应用的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
呼吸道疾病严重威胁畜禽养殖业的发展,导致动物生长缓慢,使发病率和死亡率大幅升高,造成巨大的经济损失。胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、链球菌、副猪嗜血杆菌等是诱发猪呼吸道感染的常见病原菌。头孢喹肟为第4代头孢菌素类动物专用抗生素,具有抗菌谱广、吸收速度快、达峰时间短、生物利用度高、对哺乳动物毒性低及对β-内酰胺酶稳定的特点,能有效治疗猪呼吸道类疾病,防止耐药性的产生。文章阐述了头孢喹肟的理化特性、杀菌机理、药动学特征等,并通过比较头孢喹肟在不同动物体内的药学参数表明头孢喹肟在猪体内达峰时间短,达峰浓度高,消除半衰期较长,能迅速发挥高效的抗菌作用,且能维持一定时间的抗菌效果;系统地介绍了头孢喹肟对猪呼吸道主要致病菌的体外抗菌活性及临床治疗效果,发现呼吸道临床病原菌对头孢喹肟敏感性高,临床应用前景广。目前头孢喹肟在临床应用存在一些问题,不合理使用会导致其出现耐药性,通过PK-PD同步模型的研究及耐药判定标准的建立,可为该药的合理应用提供科学依据。 相似文献
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呼吸道疾病严重威胁畜禽养殖业的发展,导致动物生长缓慢,使发病率和死亡率大幅升高,造成巨大的经济损失。胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、链球菌、副猪嗜血杆菌等是诱发猪呼吸道感染的常见病原菌。头孢喹肟为第4代头孢菌素类动物专用抗生素,具有抗菌谱广、吸收速度快、达峰时间短、生物利用度高、对哺乳动物毒性低及对β-内酰胺酶稳定的特点,能有效治疗猪呼吸道类疾病,防止耐药性的产生。文章阐述了头孢喹肟的理化特性、杀菌机理、药动学特征等,并通过比较头孢喹肟在不同动物体内的药学参数表明头孢喹肟在猪体内达峰时间短,达峰浓度高,消除半衰期较长,能迅速发挥高效的抗菌作用,且能维持一定时间的抗菌效果;系统地介绍了头孢喹肟对猪呼吸道主要致病菌的体外抗菌活性及临床治疗效果,发现呼吸道临床病原菌对头孢喹肟敏感性高,临床应用前景广。目前头孢喹肟在临床应用存在一些问题,不合理使用会导致其出现耐药性,通过PK-PD同步模型的研究及耐药判定标准的建立,可为该药的合理应用提供科学依据。 相似文献
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动物专用头孢喹诺的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
头孢喹诺是动物专用的第4代头孢菌素类抗生素,具有广泛的抗菌和强大的杀菌作用。其抗菌活性极强,对临床分离的各种革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌的MIC50、MIC90值均较小;其药动学特点优良,吸收快,达峰时间短,生物利用度较高,药时曲线下面积较大,表现分布容积也很大;头孢喹诺毒性低,在动物的可食用组织中残留较少,安全性较高。国外已将该药应用于猪、牛的呼吸系统感染及牛乳房炎的治疗。为指导头孢喹诺在我国兽医临床上的合理应用,现对其抗菌活性、药动学、残留及毒性、临床应用等最新资料进行综述。 相似文献
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Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
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Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
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Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
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Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
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The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
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Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ 
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下载免费PDF全文 S. Pashaei T. Ghoorchi A. Yamchi 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2016,100(2):211-216
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed. 相似文献
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Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb
albumin
- ALT
alanine aminotransferase
- AST
aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN
blood urea nitrogen
- Chol
cholesterol
- Glob
globulin
- -GT
-glutamyl transpeptidase
- IP
inorganic phosphorus
- TP
total protein 相似文献
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正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in 相似文献
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Tropical Animal Health and Production - 相似文献