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本试验旨在探讨猪仿生消化中小肠阶段主要消化酶的组成及活性对饲粮养分消化率的贡献,为仿生消化法评定猪饲粮养分的消化率提供参考。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,5个处理分别为胃模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶+小肠消化4 h时补充消化酶)模拟消化,每个处理5个重复,每个重复1根消化管。考察各处理条件下玉米、豆粕、小麦麸及玉米-豆粕型饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质及总能消化率的差异和各消化酶的贡献。结果表明:1)模拟小肠液中淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶均可显著提高胃消化后玉米、豆粕、小麦麸及玉米-豆粕型饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质以及总能的消化率(P<0.05);胰蛋白酶可以进一步提高胃消化后豆粕、小麦麸的干物质、粗蛋白质以及总能消化率(P<0.05);补充3种消化酶可以提高对小麦麸粗蛋白质及玉米-豆粕型饲粮干物质、粗蛋白质及总能的消化率(P<0.05)。2)小肠液中消化酶对饲粮养分消化率的贡献上,因饲粮底物的不同而异,其中淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶对总能和粗蛋白质消化率的贡献相对较高,而胰蛋白酶和补充消化酶对饲粮养分消化率的贡献虽然相对较少,但也可以引起消化率显著性差异(P<0.05)。在猪的小肠模拟消化阶段,淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及补充消化酶对饲粮养分的消化程度均有显著性贡献。 相似文献
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本试验旨在探讨猪饲粮中添加硅藻土来源的盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)后,以饲粮和粪中AIA含量测定养分消化率的可行性。试验采用2×2两因素完全随机设计,其中饲粮设2个处理,即玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(cDDGS)-米糠粕型饲粮;猪生长阶段设2个处理,即生长期(60~100日龄)和育肥期(100~140日龄)。每个生长阶段分为2个试验期,每期试验包括5 d预试期、5 d全收粪期和3 d部分粪样定点采集期,测定饲粮及粪样的干物质、AIA、总能和粗蛋白质含量,从而计算饲粮的养分消化率及AIA的回收率。结果表明:1)玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-cDDGS-米糠粕型饲粮中AIA的平均回收率分别为97.29%和97.54%,差异不显著(P0.05);2)全收粪法和AIA法测定的养分消化率差异不显著(P0.05),猪生长阶段和饲粮类型对其测定的养分消化率的绝对差影响不显著(P0.05);3)部分粪样定点采集AIA法测定的干物质消化率与全收粪AIA法差异不显著(P0.05),猪生长阶段和饲粮类型对其测定的干物质消化率的绝对差影响不显著(P0.05)。综合以上研究结果,在2种猪饲粮中添加0.8%的硅藻土后,以AIA法测定饲粮养分消化率不受猪生长阶段及饲粮类型的影响,且AIA法与全收粪法的测值是可比的。 相似文献
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试验旨在探讨饲粮能量和蛋白来源对育肥猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清生化指标、胴体性状以及肉质的影响。试验采用2×2因子试验设计,选取DLY育肥猪60头[平均体重(81±7.89) kg],随机分为4个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复3头猪。饲粮能量来源包括玉米和小麦,饲粮蛋白来源包括豆粕和菜粕。4个处理分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型、玉米-菜粕型、小麦-豆粕型、小麦-菜粕型饲粮,试验期28 d。结果表明:①4种饲粮对猪平均日采食量和平均日增重无显著影响(P0.05),但玉米豆粕组的料重比显著低于其余3组(P0.05)。②能量和蛋白来源显著影响养分的消化率。与小麦饲粮相比,玉米饲粮极显著提高了粗脂肪、干物质、灰分、钙和磷的消化率以及能量的利用率(P0.01);与豆粕饲粮相比,菜粕饲粮极显著提高了钙、磷的消化率和能量的利用率(P0.01),显著提高了干物质的消化率(P0.05)。③与豆粕饲粮相比,菜粕饲粮极显著提高了猪血清尿素氮的含量(P0.01);与小麦饲粮相比,玉米饲粮显著提高了猪血清总蛋白水平,显著降低了胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ水平。④玉米豆粕组的眼肌面积显著高于玉米菜粕组(P0.05);与玉米菜粕组相比,小麦菜粕组显著降低了肌肉的蒸煮损失(P0.05),显著提高了肌内脂肪含量(P0.05)。由此可见,4种饲粮对育肥猪的生长性能无显著影响,但显著影响猪养分的表观消化率,且对育肥猪胴体性状、肉质有一定的影响。 相似文献
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本试验旨在探讨不同来源的猪空肠液在消化酶纯化过程中活性回收率的差异,为体外仿生消化酶试剂的制备提供参考。试验采用2×2两因素完全随机设计,包括2个生长阶段[生长期(60~100日龄)和育肥期(101~140日龄)]和2种饲粮类型[玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)-米糠粕型饲粮]。每个生长阶段采用2×2完全交叉设计,将8头安装有空肠T型瘘管的“大×长”二元杂交去势公猪随机分为2组,每组4头猪。在每个生长阶段各进行2期试验,交叉饲喂2种饲粮,形成每个处理8头猪(重复)。每期试验包括10d预试期和3 d空肠液收集期。待每期试验结束后将每头猪空肠液混合,然后采用无水乙醇沉淀法纯化空肠液中的消化酶,测定纯化过程中消化酶活性的损失和回收率。结果表明:1)不同来源空肠液经冰乙醇沉淀-复溶后获得的消化酶活性的回收率间无显著差异(P>0.05),且回收率均在70%以上;2)不同来源空肠液经冰乙醇沉淀-复溶-冻干后获得的消化酶活性的回收率也均无显著差异(P>0.05),且回收率均在60%以上;3)冰乙醇沉淀-复溶过程中消化酶活性的损失极显著高于冻干过程(P<0.01)。综合以上结果,不同生长阶段和饲粮类型下获得的猪空肠液在纯化过程中消化酶活性的回收率均无显著差异,且通过无水乙醇沉淀法可以获得满意的回收率。 相似文献
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本试验旨在探究豆粕和菜籽粕饲粮中添加新型蛋白酶对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率和血清生化指标的影响。采用2×2因子试验设计，试验因素分别为饲粮类型（玉米-豆粕型和玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型）和蛋白酶水平（0和300 mg/kg）。选取初始体重为（21.40±1.59） kg的杜×长×大生长猪32头，随机分为4个组，每组8个重复，每个重复1头猪。各组分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮、玉米-豆粕型饲粮+300 mg/kg蛋白酶、玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮以及玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮+300 mg/kg蛋白酶。试验期21 d。结果表明：1）饲粮类型和蛋白酶水平对生长猪的生长性能无显著影响（P>0.05）。2）与玉米-豆粕型饲粮相比，玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮显著降低了生长猪的有机物、粗纤维和粗蛋白质消化率（P<0.05）。3）饲粮中添加300 mg/kg蛋白酶显著提高了生长猪的有机物、粗脂肪、干物质、粗蛋白质、粗纤维以及总能消化率（P<0.05）。4）与玉米-豆粕型饲粮相比，玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕型饲粮显著降低了生长猪的血清尿素氮含量（P<0.05）。5）饲粮类型与蛋白酶水平对生长猪的生长性能... 相似文献
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饲粮蛋白质来源对蛋鸡小肠液组成的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本试验旨在通过研究饲粮蛋白质来源对鸡肠液中消化酶活性及离子浓度的影响,为鸡饲料酶学生物学效价评定方法中小肠液的仿生酶谱设计提供决策依据.试验采用2×2完全随机没计,分别选用健康、体重相近的十二指肠瘘、空肠瘘成年海兰褐壳蛋公鸡各24只,将每种类型的荷术鸡随机分成2组,每组4个重复,每个重复3只鸡,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕型饲粮.在试验期第31天、第33天、第35天的09:30至18:30间每隔3 h收集1 h十二指肠和空肠食糜,通过低温离心的方法制备肠液.结果表明,玉米-豆粕型饲粮条件下十二指肠液脂肪酶活性,Cl-的浓度及空肠液胰蛋白酶的活性显著地高于玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕型饲粮条件下的相应值(P<0.05),而十二指肠液Mg2+浓度和空肠液K+的浓度显著地低于玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕型饲粮条件下的相应值(P<0.05).从不同肠段肠液组成的差异看,十二指肠液中淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶的活性,Na+、Mg2+的浓度及pH显著地低于空肠液中的相应值(P<0.05),而脂肪酶的活性,K+、Cl-的浓度显著地高于空肠液中的相应值(P<0.05).这表明饲粮蛋白质来源对鸡肠液蛋白酶活性及电解质离子浓度有显著影响,不同肠段的肠液在组成上存在较大差异. 相似文献
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为研究蛋白酶组合对鲁烟白猪养分消化率及氮平衡的影响,试验选取6头体重相近(30±1)kg、健康去势的鲁烟白猪,采用有重复的6×6拉丁方设计进行消化试验,试验设3种饲粮为玉米-豆粕型、玉米-杂粕型、小麦-杂粕型,每种饲粮设对照组不添加蛋白酶,加酶组添加0.1%复合蛋白酶。试验分为6期,于每期试验的第6、7天连续收集48 h的粪样和尿样测定养分消化率和氮平衡代谢。结果表明,蛋白酶组合在玉米-豆粕型、玉米-杂粕型和小麦-杂粕型饲粮中对鲁烟白猪粗蛋白质消化率分别比对照组提高1.19(P0.05)、3.63(P0.01)和1.91(P0.01)个百分点;氮总利用率加酶组分别比对照组提高1.21(P0.01)、1.97(P0.01)、0.92(P0.01)个百分点。综合分析,试验中的蛋白酶组合对鲁烟白猪养分消化率及氮平衡有显著影响,其中蛋白酶组合对玉米-杂粕型饲粮效果显著或极显著高于玉米-豆粕型和小麦-杂粕型饲粮。 相似文献
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本试验旨在通过研究4种饲粮条件下生长猪空肠液组成的差异,探讨一般生产条件下,饲粮蛋白质来源与水平对生长猪空肠液组成的影响.试验采朋4×4拉丁方设计,从8头体内安装空肠T型瘘管的荷术猪中挑选健康、体重接近的试验猪4头,试验猪分期、分号分别饲喂4种试验饲粮,即玉米-豆粕型饲粮、玉米-豆粕低蛋白质饲粮、玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕-菜籽粕饲粮和玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕-菜籽粕低蛋白质饲粮.每期试验为15 d,其中预试期为10 d,在试验期第11天、第13天和第15天每天的09:30、13:30和17:30采集食糜样品1 h.通过低温离心收集食糜上清液,分装后-70℃保存,待测酶活和离子浓度.结果表明:在正常蛋白质水平与低蛋白质水平条件下,饲粮的蛋白质来源对生长猪空肠液中胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性及Na+、K+、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度与pH都无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮的蛋白质水平对生长猪空肠液中胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性及Na+、K+、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度与pH也无显著影响(P>0.05).由此表明,生长猪空肠液的组成对饲粮蛋白质来源与水平有较大范围的适应性. 相似文献
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《畜牧与兽医》2017,(7):17-22
旨在研究添加酶制剂和膨化处理对生长猪饲粮中脱脂米糠概略养分和矿物质在回肠末端及全消化道表观消化率的影响。试验选取4头在回肠末端安装T型瘘管的杜×长×大三元杂交阉公猪,初始体重为(18±1.5)kg。饲喂按2×2因子设计的脱脂米糠、脱脂米糠+酶制剂、膨化脱脂米糠和膨化脱脂米糠+酶制剂4种饲粮,按4×4拉丁方试验安排分4个周期进行消化试验,每个周期10 d。结果表明:(1)在回肠末端,添加酶制剂显著提高了干物质、总能、Fe和Zn的表观消化率(P0.05),且极显著地提高了粗蛋白、灰分、植酸磷、P和Ca的表观消化率(P0.01);膨化处理显著提高了Fe的表观消化率(P0.05),且极显著地提高了植酸磷的表观消化率(P0.01),但显著降低了干物质、有机物和粗脂肪表观消化率(P0.05),且极显著地降低了总能表观消化率(P0.01)。(2)在全消化道,添加酶制剂显著提高了Cu的表观消化率(P0.05),且极显著地提高了灰分、P、Ca和Zn的表观消化率(P0.01);膨化处理显著降低了粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率(P0.05),且极显著地降低了干物质、有机物、总能、P和Ca的表观消化率(P0.01)。综上所述,生长猪脱脂米糠饲粮中添加酶制剂可以改善养分和矿物质消化率,尤其是在回肠之前;而除矿物质外,膨化处理对米糠饲粮的大多数概略养分消化率有负面影响,两种处理方法对米糠养分的消化利用未显示出协同效果。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
19.
乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
20.
Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献