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盐酸克伦特罗在我国的非法使用及安全评价 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文回顾了违禁药物盐酸克伦特罗 (CL)在我国造成的中毒事件及我国政府对其非法使用的综合治理 ,介绍了CL引起食肉中毒的残留剂量范围 ,以及实验动物和人中毒后的一般症状和心脏功能损伤 ,提高人们对CL中毒危害的认识 ,建立以筛选法和确证法检测相结合的市场监管体系和加强综合治理措施是防止CL违禁使用的关键。 相似文献
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盐酸克伦特罗(CL)，商品名为瘦肉精、克喘素等，是一种人工合成的选择性β-肾上腺素受体激动剂，临床用于防治支气管哮喘和支气管痉挛。CL在饲料中使用，可显著提高瘦肉率，促进肌肉生长。从20世纪80年代国外开始使用，我国从90年代后期也开始在饲料中添加，它的添加给经营者带来了巨大的利润。但是，随着CL在畜牧生产中的应用，人们很快发现，动物食用后会在内脏和组织中形成蓄积性残留，人们食用了含有这些药物的动物组织会产生严重的毒副作用，如血压升高、血管扩张、心跳加快、呼吸加剧、体温升高、肌肉颤抖，也会产生头痛、胸闷、神经过敏、肌肉疼痛、心悸、恶心、呕吐等症状；更为严重的是它可诱发和加重心率失常病人的病情，引起心室早搏．四肢、脸、颈部骨骼肌震颤；另外还会引起代谢紊乱。 相似文献
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盐酸克伦特罗(clenbuterol,CL)俗名“瘦肉精”,是一种α-肾上腺素受体激动剂。20世纪80年代被应用到养猪生产中,用来提高瘦肉率,近年来畜产品中盐酸克伦特罗的残留对人类健康造成的危害和对生态食物链所造成的破坏已经引起高度的重视。人如果食用含有过量盐酸克伦特罗的肉品,就会出现心跳加快．血压升高,心悸,头痛,恶心,呕吐,手颤等症状,严重者出现抽搐,晕厥,对患有高血压、心脏病、甲亢、前列腺肥大的患者危害更大。农业部、国家质检总局等部门发文严令禁止在动物生产中使用盐酸克伦特罗。但是国内有些地区还在非法使用盐酸克伦特罗,并发生多起中毒事件。 相似文献
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猪尿液中盐酸克伦特罗残留的ELISA法和GC-MS法检测 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
克伦特罗(Clenbuterol，CL)，是一种人工合成的β2-肾上腺素受体激动剂。其药理作用为松弛支气管平滑肌、增加肺活量、降低气道阻力、增强支气管纤毛运动和促进痰液排出，临床上常用于防治哮喘、肺气肿等呼吸系统疾病。但当其应用剂量达治疗量的5～10倍时，CL可增强肌肉发育，降低脂肪沉积，因此又称为“瘦肉精”，常被作为饲料添加剂非法用于肉用动物的生产之中。更为重要的是，由于CL在动物体内吸收快，分布广，脂溶性高，具有残留性积累和半衰期长等药理特性。人在食用残留CL肉品后引起的中毒事件不断发生。因此，各国政府都禁止CL作为饲料添加剂用于肉用动物的生产中，我国政府也规定严禁在饲料中添加CL。同时制订了CL的最高残留限量标准。为了建立快速、敏感、特异、快速的CL免疫检测方法，本研究应用ELISA法和GC-MS法对照检测饲喂盐酸克伦特罗育肥猪的尿液样品，以确证盐酸克伦特罗快速检测ELISA试剂盒的精确性和稳定性。 相似文献
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青海省养猪生产中盐酸克伦特罗的检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
盐酸克伦特罗(Clenbuerol，CL)是β类兴奋剂，俗称“瘦肉精”，在动物体内具有调节营养物质的流向和重新分配，促进肌肉组织生长，降低胴体脂肪含量，提高饲料报酬及肉品瘦肉率的作用。然而这种β兴奋剂残留、聚集在动物的可食组织中，人食用后会对肝、肾等内脏器官产生毒害，出现心悸、头疼、目眩、恶心、呕吐、心率加快、肌肉振颤等症状，严重者甚至死亡。中华人民共和国农业部已明令禁止在畜禽饲料中添加CL，但是近几年不法商贩受经济利益的驱使，违法滥用该药品造成中毒的事件时有报道．严重危害养殖业的发展和人民身体健康。笔者应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对青海省重点饲料生产、经营企业和养猪场、屠宰加工厂(点)的猪饲料、饮水和肝组织及尿液中CL的含量进行了检测。 相似文献
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盐酸克伦特罗在动物组织中的残留及检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
综述了盐酸克伦特罗(HCl-clenbuterol,CL)在动物体内的残留及消除特性,指出如何合理选择供检靶组织。介绍了目前常用于检测CL的几种方法及国内外禁用CL的情况,提出要防止CL的滥用,必须增强对CL危害性的认识,完善监督检测体系。 相似文献
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盐酸克伦特罗在动物体内代谢与残留规律 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
盐酸克伦特罗（CL），俗名“瘦肉精”，是一种强效选择性β2受体兴奋剂，作为饲料添加剂能提高胴体瘦肉率，但其残留积聚在动物体内，人食用这类肉制品和内脏后可引起中毒，因此，国家农业部明文规定，禁止使用“瘦肉精”养殖生猪。但仍有不法分子在生猪饲养中非法添加，使得“瘦肉精中毒”事件偶有发生，去年上海的“瘦肉精中毒”事件造成上海9个区336人次中毒， 相似文献
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试验采用 2× 2× 3因子设计 ,选用 2 16头杂交猪研究了基因类型、性别和管理策略对猪肉食用品质的影响。主要试验处理为 :基因型 (A— 5 0 %杜洛克血统和 B—低于 2 5 %杜洛克血统 ) ,性别 (母猪、手术去势公猪和免疫去势公猪 ) ,以及管理策略 (对照— C,共轭亚油酸管理— CL A,和猪生长激素管理— p ST)。A基因型猪与 B基因型猪相比 ,背膘较簿 ,肌内脂肪含量较高 ,肌肉极限 p H(p Hu)和表面渗出量较高 ,肉质发硬且不大受欢迎。与手术去势公猪和免疫去势公猪相比 ,母猪肌肉 p Hu 值较低 ,表面渗出量高 ,肉质发硬。饲喂对照日粮的猪与饲喂添加 CL A或 p ST的日粮的猪比 ,其肌肉p Hu 值较低 ,表面渗出量高 ,综合滋味、嫩度、多汁性和总的可接受程度 ,消费者对该组猪肉的喜爱程度的得分较高。试验结果表明 :猪肉食用品质与基因型和性别之间的复杂的交互作用有关。试验结果还表明 ,除了有利于减少背膘厚度外 ,添加p ST和 CL A这些管理策略对肉品质有潜在的负面影响。 相似文献
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试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
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Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
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Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
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Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
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B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
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Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
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Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
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Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
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The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
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Bazin H 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2003,26(5-6):293-308
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing. 相似文献