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我国畜牧业环境污染问题亟待解决 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
１我国畜牧业环境污染现状畜牧业污染主要指畜牧业生产粪尿污染 ,畜禽产品中有毒有害物质的残留及来自畜禽场 (户 )的废物。包括洗刷用具、场地消毒和饮用后的污水 ;死鸡、死猪 ;孵化残余物———蛋壳、死胚、绒毛、胎粪等 ;含有致癌性毒素的霉变饲料 ;预防用各种疫 (菌 )苗空瓶和抗生药物的瓶、袋等 ;饲料加工粉尘 ;内燃机废气 ;屠宰场 (户 )的废物、污水、下水、废气 ;苍蝇、蚊虫等昆虫 ;等等。其中最主要的是畜禽粪尿污染和畜禽产品残留构成的对人类健康的困扰。据测定 ,一个饲养１０万只鸡的工厂化养鸡场 ,每天产鸡粪便可达１０ｔ ,年产… 相似文献
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浅谈畜禽粪便的无害化处理问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
畜牧业污染主要指畜牧业生产粪尿污染,畜牧产品中有毒有害物质的残留及来自畜禽场的废物.其中最主要的是畜禽粪尿污染和畜禽产品残留构成的对人类健康的困扰.畜禽养殖产生的污染已成为中国农村地区污染的主要来源. 相似文献
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畜牧业的污染主要来自畜禽尿粪和臭气的排出、以及食品中有毒有害物质的残留,其根源却在饲料。一般日粮配合中很不注意有毒有害物质在畜禽体内的聚集和消化不完全物质的排出量,其结果：一是由于饲料中的有毒有害物质通过食物链逐级聚集,增强了其毒性和危害;二是对环 相似文献
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所谓畜牧公害．是指在畜牧生产中产生的公害，危害人畜健康，造成环境污染，影响可持续发展。畜牧公害可分为两类：一是畜禽粪尿污染环境，二是畜禽产品中有毒有害物质的残留影响人体健康。 相似文献
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畜牧业环境污染与生态保护对策 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
随着畜牧场规模越来越大,集约化和机械化程度的提高,畜牧村、规模养殖小区及千头牛场、万头猪场、百万只鸡场等规模化养殖场所带来的环境污染问题已引起了人们的关注。同时,环境污染与生态环境恶化亦成为畜牧业可持续发展面临的严重问题。一直以来,人类所提倡的“环境保护,造福人类”方针,在畜牧业方面也得到体现,解决畜牧业环境问题势在必行。1畜牧业环境污染1.1我国畜牧业环境污染现状畜牧业污染主要指畜牧生产的粪便污染、畜禽产品中有毒有害物质的残留、来自畜禽场(户)的废物。包括洗刷用具、场地消毒和饮用后的污水,病死畜禽,孵化残余… 相似文献
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生态营养饲料的研究与开发 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
畜牧业污染主要指畜禽粪尿污染和臭气排出，以及畜产品中有毒有害物质的残留，其根源在于饲料。作者从营养角度，综述了配制生态营养饲料的研究，主要包括饲料原料的合理选购、动物对营养的需要量和营养物质利用率的估测、氨基酸平衡日粮、“绿色”添加剂的使用以及改进饲料加工工艺等方面。 相似文献
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畜禽养殖环境污染及其治理的基本途径 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
畜禽养殖产生的粪尿、畜禽产品中有毒有害物质的残留以及来自畜禽场的废弃物均已成为农业面源污染不可忽视的污染源。为了加强对这些有害物质的控制及其治理,报告了我国畜禽养殖环境污染的现状,并对畜牧业环境污染的特点及其危害进行了调查分析与研究。提出了开发环保饲料技术、畜牧业生态工程技术、生物和生态净化技术、粪便的资源化再利用技术,制定完善了防污染的法律法规、加强环境监督与药物管理等一系列解决畜禽养殖业环境污染问题的基本途径。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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Billinghurst RC Brama PA van Weeren PR Knowlton MS McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):143-150
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. 相似文献