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野生大豆（Clycine soja Sieb．et Zucc．）是栽培大豆（G．max）的近源祖先种,为栽培大豆的遗传育种和种质改良提供了巨大的基因库。生态学研究是生物多样性保护和利用的基础,对野生大豆生理生态学的研究表明野生大豆属短日照、喜温、喜湿的植物,对土壤要求比较宽,具有一定的耐盐性;而野生大豆种群生态学的研究以种群遗传特征为主,已从种群分布、种子雨和种子库、种群动态、遗传分化以及种群的演化等方面开展了研究。但现在关于野生大豆对极端环境的适应、种群动态的研究以及野生大豆群落生态学的研究相对较少。因此,开展野生大豆生态学尤其是种群生态学和群落生态学的研究对野生大豆资源的保护具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
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《大豆科学》2015,(3)
通过在黑龙江省13个行政区原生境采集和异地繁殖结合的方法,研究了不同百粒重类型寒地野生大豆植株的形态特征及变化规律。结果表明:寒地野生大豆百粒重在1.1~2.0 g的居多,达到了74.46%,但植株形态特征的多样性却较单一;百粒重2.1~3.0 g的野生大豆植株形态特征尤其是在根系、茎长和叶宽等性状上变异系数最大,植株形态特征多样性最丰富。在不同百粒重类型的野生大豆中,百粒重增加,植株形态特征发生变化,表现为叶片变大、变宽、叶柄长度增加、叶片颜色变深。单株荚数、节数、分枝数减少,茎长变短,百粒重越大,其植株形态特征越接近栽培大豆。野生大豆的根量较少,根系较细,主根不明显,在向栽培大豆的过渡的过程中,百粒重大的野生大豆根干重、根鲜重、根体积、根表面积、根长度、根直径也越大,须根系减少,主根逐渐明显。 相似文献
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以文昌航天发射缓冲区不同森林群落为研究对象,选择8个不同植被类型,分别设置1 hm2固定大样地,对森林植物群落的多样性、森林植物群落的物种均匀度、森林植物群落的物种优势度进行观测。结果表明：不同森林群落乔木层物种多样性差异显著,半红树林群落树种种类最高,物种多样性最高达到2.38,其次分别是天然次生林和人工混交林;不同森林群落中不同层次植物均匀度总体表现出草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层的规律,但天然次生林由于郁闭度较高,林下草本较灌木少,多样性和均匀度均小于灌木层;红树林物种优势度最小,各物种优势差异不显著。 相似文献
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陈德根 《中国油料作物学报》1982,(4)
野生大豆(G.Soju)一般蛋白质含量较高,抗逆性也强,可作为改进栽培种的重要种质资源。近年来,世界大豆遗传育种工作者都十分重视野生大豆种质资源的利用研究。然而,目前育种家们多数只侧重于植株形态的研究,对于共生根瘤菌的研究则较少。本试验拟通过对野生大豆根瘤菌的结瘤性能、固氮酶活性及其与栽培大豆亲和性的 相似文献
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采用随机取样法,调查受螺旋粉虱为害的2种寄主植物上节肢动物群落结构,以探讨螺旋粉虱为害对寄主植物上节肢动物群落结构的影响。结果表明:2种寄主中,受螺旋粉虱为害的植株,节肢动物发生量明显高于未受害植株,并且主要以同翅目类昆虫数量增加为主;受螺旋粉虱为害的洋紫荆植株上,节肢动物群落的物种数量明显高于未受害植株,群落结构也较为复杂,受螺旋粉虱为害与未为害的番石榴植株上,物种数量也有所增加,但群落结构组成未发生较大改变;整体而言,于未受害洋紫荆植株相比,受害洋紫荆植株的物种丰富度及多样性较高、物种发生较为均匀,而番石榴植株受害与未受害植株间,群落的物种丰富度、多样性及均匀度等各指数差异不明显;未受害洋紫荆寄主的种群优势度较受害洋紫荆的种群优势度高。 相似文献
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由于干热河谷地区生态环境相当脆弱,为了解元素添加对干热河谷植被群落结构的影响,试验选取了元谋干热河谷地段来研究元素添加对植物群落结构及物种多样性的影响。研究结果表明,添加不同元素后对植物群落结构参数产生了不同影响。不同元素添加后降低了双子叶植物群落多样性,而添加不同元素增加了单子叶植物的多样性,尤其是添加了K元素对单子叶植物群落的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度、McIntosh指数起到了促进作用,与CK相比分别提高了2.28%、2.41%、2.37%、3.73%。 相似文献
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物种多样性是生物多样性的基本层次，不仅体现生物种类的丰富程度，也表现物种演化的空间范围及对特定环境的生态适应性。群落结构是研究植物历史动态的基础，在认识明确物种间生长竞争关系的同时，反映着群落演替的趋势。本研究以江西省大岗山为研究区，基于62个样地，共计3.72 hm2面积调查结果，对大岗山植物群落的物种多样性和群落结构进行分析。结果表明：群落内共有植物486种，隶属于120科286属，其中单种属占总数的66.43%，杉木在群落中处于优势地位；大岗山处于亚热带地区，具有过渡带性质，种子植物属包括13个分布类型，其中包含9个中国特有属；香农-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数、辛普森(Simpson)多样性指数、皮诺(Pielou)均匀度指数在各生长层的分布趋势基本一致，灌木层优势明显，草本层略高于乔木层。群落整体物种多样性指数较高，物种较丰富；按样带划分，2号样带物种最丰富，1号样带略低于其他样带。但1、2号样带群落相似性最高，3、4号样带物种多样性指数相差较小，但群落差异最大。 相似文献
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Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry. 相似文献
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Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m2 surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).
During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.
Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.
Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):313-324
Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer. 相似文献
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2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。 相似文献
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生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。 相似文献
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为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。 相似文献
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施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。 相似文献